How to Determine Acceleration from a Velocity-Time Graph?

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To determine acceleration from a velocity-time graph, the average acceleration can be calculated using the formula a_avg = (v_xf - v_xi) / (t_f - t_i). For the given problem, the average acceleration from t = 2s to t = 4s is estimated to be 2 m/s², which is a reasonable approximation. The maximum negative acceleration occurs at t = 8s, calculated to be -1.5 m/s². The acceleration at t = 3s can be estimated by finding the slope of the graph between points at t = 2s and t = 4s. Overall, the calculations provide a good understanding of how to analyze acceleration from the graph.
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Homework Statement


Serway Physics Section 2.4 Acceleration

17. Figure P2.17 shows a graph of ##v_x## versus t for the motion of a
motorcyclist as he starts from rest and moves along the road in a straight
line. (a) Find the average acceleration for the time interval t = 0 to t = 6.00 s.
(b) Estimate the time at which the acceleration has its greatest positive
value and the value of the acceleration at that instant. (c) When is the
acceleration zero? (d) Estimate the maximum negative value of the acceleration
and the time at which it occurs.

Homework Equations



Serway Physics Figure P2_17.jpg


The Attempt at a Solution



Serway Physics 2_17001.jpg


At part (b) i don't know how to find the value of the acceleration at t = 3s.
Any hints?
 

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Estimate the slope of the graph at 3s. Consider the points at 2s and 4s.
 
So I calculate the average acceleration for t = 2s to t = 4s?

##a_{avg} = \frac {v_{xf} - v_{xi}} {t_{f} - t_{i}} = \frac {6 m/s - 2 m/s} {4s - 2s} = \frac {4m/s} {2s} = 2m/s^2##

Is this correct?
 
Looks like a good estimate. The actual acceleration at 3s will be a bit greater, but not much, to judge from the graph.
 
So for part (d) the maximum negative acceleration is at t=8s
and the value is given by ##a_{avg} = \frac {v_{xf} - v_{xi}} {t_{f} - t_{i}} = \frac {5 m/s - 8 m/s} {9s - 7s} = \frac {-3m/s} {2s} = -1.5m/s^2##
Is this correct?
 
Not bad approximation, I think.
 
The book claims the answer is that all the magnitudes are the same because "the gravitational force on the penguin is the same". I'm having trouble understanding this. I thought the buoyant force was equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. Weight depends on mass which depends on density. Therefore, due to the differing densities the buoyant force will be different in each case? Is this incorrect?

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