Is the Universe Shaped Like a Three-Torus?

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SUMMARY

The Universe may be shaped like a three-torus, a concept suggesting a finite structure without edges, akin to a rubber cube where opposing sides connect. This theory implies that light could circumnavigate the Universe and return to its origin, potentially allowing us to observe our galaxy as it was in its infancy. The two key conclusions are that the Universe has a finite volume without bounds and that light can complete a circuit around it. This concept, initially introduced by mathematician Kurt Gödel, challenges traditional views of cosmic structure.

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  • Understanding of three-dimensional topology
  • Familiarity with general relativity concepts
  • Knowledge of cosmological models
  • Basic grasp of light propagation in curved spacetime
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  • Research the implications of three-torus topology in cosmology
  • Study Kurt Gödel's contributions to the field of mathematics and cosmology
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Astronomers, theoretical physicists, mathematicians, and anyone interested in advanced cosmological theories and the structure of the Universe.

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There is a developing theory that the Universe may be shaped like a three-torus, the mathematical equivalent of a rubber cube that's bent so that all opposing sides are connected. This would mean that the Universe is finite, but does not have the problematic edge that's included in most theories. It also means that light traveling from one point, having effectively circumnavigated the Universe could eventually end up back where it started, meaning that one of the galaxies we can see through telescopes might be a baby picture of our own galaxy. Does anyone have any thoughts on this theory?
 
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Neither of the two conclusions:

1) Volume is finite, without bound
2) Light can make a complete circuit around the universe

are unique to a model of space being a 3-torus.

Relativists will also complain when you neglect time as being related to space.

- Warren
 
This idea was first introduced

by the mathematician Kurt G¨odel.
 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoM-z14 Any photon with energy above 24.6 eV is going to ionize any atom. K, L X-rays would certainly ionize atoms. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/whats-the-most-distant-galaxy/ The James Webb Space Telescope has found the most distant galaxy ever seen, at the dawn of the cosmos. Again. https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/news/webb-mom-z14 A Cosmic Miracle: A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at zspec = 14.44 Confirmed with JWST...

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