Light Phenomena: Reasons Explained

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    Light Phenomena
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The sky appears blue due to Rayleigh scattering, where shorter blue wavelengths scatter more than longer red wavelengths. Clouds appear white because they consist of numerous water droplets that scatter all colors of light equally, rather than absorbing any specific wavelengths. During sunset or sunrise, the sky appears reddish because the sunlight passes through a thicker atmosphere, scattering shorter wavelengths and allowing longer red wavelengths to dominate. The sun appears oval during these times due to atmospheric refraction, which distorts its shape when it is near the horizon, while it appears circular at noon when it is overhead. Understanding these light phenomena involves principles of optics and atmospheric science.
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The following are some very basic commonly observed phenomena of light.
I need the reasoning of the statements with as much detail as possible.


1. The sky appears blue.
2. Clouds appear white.(why don't they scatter light?)
3. The sky appears reddish during sunset or sunrise.
4. The sun appears oval during sunset or sunrise but circular at noon.
 
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Thread 'Magnitude of buoyant force in fluids of different densities'

The book claims the answer is that all the magnitudes are the same because "the gravitational force on the penguin is the same". I'm having trouble understanding this. I thought the buoyant force was equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. Weight depends on mass which depends on density. Therefore, due to the differing densities the buoyant force will be different in each case? Is this incorrect?
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