Lower and Upper bounds of Polynomial equations

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the lower and upper bounds theorem for polynomial equations, specifically focusing on understanding the proof of the lower bound theorem. Participants are exploring the conditions under which a value can be determined as a lower bound for the roots of a polynomial.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Homework-related

Main Points Raised

  • One participant describes the lower bound theorem, noting that if a<0 and P(a) does not equal 0, and the coefficients of P(x) alternate signs, then a is a lower bound for the roots of P(x)=0.
  • Another participant requests clarification on the proof and asks for specific parts that are unclear.
  • A third participant provides a detailed explanation involving the substitution of a root into the polynomial and the implications of the signs of the coefficients, but indicates that certain parts of their explanation are not understood.
  • Participants share links to external resources that may contain relevant proofs or explanations related to the theorem.
  • One participant expresses a need for further assistance, indicating difficulty in grasping the concepts discussed.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

The discussion does not appear to reach a consensus, as participants express varying levels of understanding and seek clarification on specific aspects of the theorem and its proof.

Contextual Notes

Some assumptions regarding the polynomial's coefficients and the nature of its roots are not fully explored, and the discussion includes references to external materials that may provide additional context or proof details.

daveclifford
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Recently I am studying about theorems regarding to polynomial equations and encounter the lower and upper bounds theorem. Which states that if a<0 and P(a) not equals 0, and dividing P(x) by (x-a) leads to coefficients that alternate signs, then a is a lower bound of all the roots of P(x)=0. The proof about this statement is provided but I have troubles in understanding it(I do understand about the proof of upper bound one...), I hope someone here can explain and proof about the theorem... Thanks for the help!
 
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It would help us enormously if you could show the proof (or a reference) and indicate which part you don't understand.
 
(Lower Bound)(Let P(x) be any polynomial with real coefficients and a positive leading coefficient.)
Let r be a root of the given polynomial. Assuming r is not equal to 0 and that the polynomial has a nonzero constant term. Since P(r)=0, we can say that P(x)=(x-r)Q(x). Substituting in x=a, we get that P(a)=(a-r)Q(a).
Since P(a),Q(a) do not equal to 0, we can divide both sides by Q(a) to get (a-r) = P(a)/Q(a).
We know that Q(a) is either positive or negative. Since a<0 and the leading terms in Q(x) has a positive coefficient, the constant term in Q(x) has the same sign as Q(a).
If we assume that neither r nor the constant term in P(x) are zero, then that guarantees that the constant term in Q(x) must be strictly positive or negative. [Since the coefficients alternate in sign, P(a) differs in sign from the constant term in Q(x). But since the constant term in Q(x) has the same sign as Q(a) we know that P(a) and Q(a) are opposite signs, which implies that (a-r)<0, which leads to a<r.]
Sentences in square brackets are the parts which I don't understand.
 
http://onlinemathcircle.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Lecture_Polynomials.pdf (pg 4) the whole text is in this website
http://mathweb.scranton.edu/monks/courses/ProblemSolving/POLYTHEOREMS.pdf (pg 7, No. 10) another similar text
 
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can someone help, please? :cry:
 

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