Measuring Complex Numbers: Is it Possible?

[vanesch]

sure, distances or positions are relative. and a distance metric in a metric space is always real and non-negative. and we always measure it to be real, rational, and non-negative.

Right, but I thought you took "measuring distances" as the litmus test for "reality".

but negative quantities do exist in nature. electric charge is one. i don't care which you choose as "positive" charge (proton vs. electron), but whichever you choose as positive, the other must be negative. negative quantities of some "stuff" are real things in nature.

Ok, but if "electric charge" is now included into the arena of "real" things, then why not phasors for instance ? Charge is the ratio of electrical attraction wrt a reference charge and it turns out that we only need a real number for that (even just an element of Z if we do it right !). But that is not clear a priori! After all, charge is characterised by a force, which is normally a vector quantity. It is only because for electric Coulomb interaction, this force always points along the axis between the test charge and the charge under test, that we can limit this vector quantity to a single real number. If charge were such that the direction of the force changed, we would not be able to express the comparison between the test charge and the charge under test as a single real number (but as the ratio between two vectors)!

The ratio of two sinusoidal oscillations cannot be expressed simply by a real number: it is evidently represented by a positive real number and an angle, which is naturally a complex number.

we can construct other quantities, like rate of change, which will necessarily have negative values. it's perfectly appropriate to include the negative numbers with "real" numbers.

Yes, and in the same way, complex numbers, no ?

you can say it, but it's not true. not in reality. there is no qualitative difference in the dimension that you're defining as "imaginary" and the dimension with real coordinates. but there is a qualitative difference between imaginary quantities and real quantities.

Why couldn't I have a preferred direction (say, the north) and express, with my complex numbers, the distance and orientation wrt this preferred direction ?

square a real quantity and you have similar real animal. square an imaginary quantity, and the result is no longer imaginary.

Well, the squaring the complex number comes down to doubling the angle with the preferred direction.

but they are or may be in reality. a voltage of 5 volts is a real physical thing (that can be measured to some precision), but a "phasor" (the EE kind, not the Star Trek weapon) of 4 + 3i is not a real physical thing, but an abstraction that makes our life easier.

This is what I don't understand. What is your procedure to declare a thing "a real physical thing" ?
Both the voltage and the phasor are things that can be measured with devices, both are in fact derived from "natural numbers". Both have a formal existence within some theoretical framework which is assumed to be adequate for the problem at hand (otherwise the measurement apparatus would not make sense).

 

[rbj]

Doesn't "realness" count as a quality?

sure. don't talk to me about that. vanesch said that then I can say that we CAN have "distances" of "3.0 + 5.2 i" meters in the Euclidean plane, according to a very similar construction. he/she is attributing a qualitative difference (real vs. imaginary) between 2 dimensions of Euclidian space where there is no such qualitative difference. both dimensions of Euclidian space have the quality "real". distances in either dimension, when squared, result in non-negative numbers.

This surprises me even more than you thinking that 3-vectors are "real". I honestly cannot see any consistent pattern to what you believe is "real" and what is not "real".

Actually, that's not entirely true -- there is the obvious pattern that you label something "real" if and only if it doesn't invoke complex numbers.

that is a misrepresentation/misinterpretation of what i said. i said that fundamental physical quantities that we experience and measure in reality are real numbers.

But I'm assuming that is merely a correlation and not causation.

I'm still looking forward to an explanation of why 3-vectors are "real", and now I'm even more looking forward to an explanation of why electric potential is "real".

But now I'm curious as to if there are any quantities measured by real numbers that you would consider not "real".

what are you talking about?

listen, perhaps, if the string theorists are correct, there are several more dimensions of space than 3. perhaps, if Einstien is correct, this 3 space we experience in reality is only an approximation (being that no nasty black holes are in our neighborhood) to a warped or curved non-Euclidian. it's not the point. when we measure or perceive quantity of stuff in reality, we measure such as real (and rational) numbers. but just because we cannot construct, out of materials, a perfectly square object (of unit side length with a diagonal that is exactly \sqrt{2}) we can expect that *if* such geometry existed, the rational measurements we made to the diagonal would approach, as the precision of measurement got better and better, without limit, that it would approach this irrational \sqrt{2} and no rational value. "realness" of a physical quantity is not about the precision of measurement. for all we know, fundamental physical quantities of irrational value exist, but our measurements of them, with finite precision, will always be rational.

certainly we can use complex numbers to abstract and describe real processes, at least in EE, when we do that we split a real quantity into the sum of two complex conjugate quantities and we deal with one knowing that superposition applies and the conjugate counterpart gets dealt with similarly. but, to be strict, you would have to pass both complex signals through the system (one at a time), getting two complex outputs that should also be conjugates, and add (superimpose) those outputs. if the result isn't purely real, you know you did something wrong.

 

[Hurkyl]

what are you talking about?

Short answer: if you explain why you think vectors are "real", then maybe in the process you will clarify the key difference that allows vectors to be "real" but the complexes not.

Similarly, explaining why you think electric potential to be real might clarify things.

Also, coming up with a real-valued physical quantity you consider not to be "real" would clarify things in a different way.

he/she is attributing a qualitative difference (real vs. imaginary)
...
distances in either dimension, when squared, result in non-negative numbers

There is no qualitative difference between a real-valued distance and an imaginary-valued distance: multiplication plays no part in the concept of distance.

 

[rbj]

Short answer: if you explain why you think vectors are "real", then maybe in the process you will clarify the key difference that allows vectors to be "real" but the complexes not.

vectors are a construct. direction is real.

Similarly, explaining why you think electric potential to be real might clarify things.

is energy real? is electric charge real?

Also, coming up with a real-valued physical quantity you consider not to be "real" would clarify things in a different way.

why would i do that? that's not my burden.

There is no qualitative difference between a real-valued distance and an imaginary-valued distance: multiplication plays no part in the concept of distance.

i guess that's an opinion of yours and you certainly have a right to it. doesn't make any sense or have any support in fact from what i can observe in reality.

 

[rbj]

i think i might run out of time to continue to argue about this from a theoretical/philosophical POV, but i would like to say why, in a practical and pedagogical sense, this differentiation between "real quantity" and "imaginary quantity" is useful, at least for an engineer working on real signals. this is a specific example but i am trying to elude to how this might happen in the more general case.

when i think of a real signal that we view with a real oscilloscope and ostensibly has no (visible) imaginary part, i (and Fourier and many others) think of it as a sum of sinusoids of which one sinusoidal component might be:

x(t) = A \cos(\omega t + \phi)

i think of

x(t) = \left( \frac{A}{2} e^{i \phi} \right) e^{i \omega t} + \left( \frac{A}{2} e^{-i \phi} \right) e^{-i \omega t}

the first term ostensibly has a "positive frequency" of \omega and the second term has a "negative frequency" of -\omega.

because all of the derivatives of an exponential are also exponentials with the same "\alpha", then the exponential function can easily be understood to be an eigenfunction for a linear, time-invariant system (one where the convolution operator defines the input-output relationship). if i were to split each real sinusoid into the two exponential functions that necessarily have imaginary exponents that are negatives of each other, then using superposition, i can analyze this system with one of those complex "sinusoids" quite simply because it is a common factor to all additive terms and, being an exponential and never zero, we can divide it out and that's when we have the "frequency-domain" counterpart to the original time-domain equations which are simpler.

but, to do this correctly, in an analytical sense, we have to repeat this same this with the other term with the "negative frequency", get the output due to that input, add it to the output due to the "positive frequency" component to get our actual output.

now here's the rub: if that final output we get from adding the components, both the positive and negative frequencies, if that final output result on paper is not a purely real number (that is, the imaginary part must be zero for all t), then we know we did something wrong, there is a goof somewhere. driving a real system, built with real components, with a real input signal, better the hell result in a real output signal, even if we ventured into "imaginary" or "complex" domain to get there. if any of the total net output is imaginary, we cannot expect to hook up a scope and see such imaginary voltages. they ain't there.

 

[Hurkyl]

vectors are a construct. direction is real.

So do you consider vectors "real" or not? You suggested before that you consider a vector to be "real".

Direction, though, is not a real number. You have argued that the complexes are not "real", and they are a construct, because we can represent a complex number by two real numbers.

Well, we can represent a direction with two real numbers, can't we? Why don't you consider direction to be a construct? Why do you consider direction to be real?

Was I wrong in my interpretation? You, in fact, do not consider the fact a complex number can be represented as two real numbers as proof that complexes are not "real"?

is energy real? is electric charge real?

Are we talking "rbj-real" or "Hurkyl-real"? For this reply, I'll assume "Hurkyl-real".

This is a good question; I hadn't really thought about it before. Surprisingly (even to me), the answer is not an automatic yes. It depends on the context -- in particular, which physical theory we are currently considering. If we're considering classical mechanics, I would consider several forms of energy not to be real, because they are coordiante-dependant quantities.

If I'm thining classical mechanics or special relativity, then the electric charge of a point particle is certainly "real". I consider i * {the electric charge of a point particle} to be "real" too. I want to reserve judgement on other situations, because I haven't thought them through.

Of course, I consider the real numbers not to be "real". Special relativity, for example, talks about things like mass, proper velocity, rest energy, and 4-current, which would be "real", and things like kinetic energy, coordinate velocity, and time dilation, which would not be "real"... but it doesn't talk about real numbers. The real numbers are a tool used to study SR, not one of its objects of study. (Interestingly, just like Euclidean geometry, one can define Minkowski geometry without ever invoking the idea of a number!)

why would i do that? that's not my burden.

You are trying to make a point. I think that if you could demonstrate a real-valued quantity that is not "real", it would help you make your point. It was just a piece of advice. *shrug*

 

[rbj]

why would i do that? that's not my burden.

You are trying to make a point. I think that if you could demonstrate a real-valued quantity that is not "real", it would help you make your point. It was just a piece of advice. *shrug*

well, the point i am trying to make is not that there are real-valued quanties that are not "real". now, certainly there are numbers that many not be any natural measure of any physical quantity in the universe, but that's because the universe, although big, is not as big as the real number line. i suppose that the number of protons, electrons, and whatever other particles in the universe is finite. but my point is that any fundamental physical quantity in reality is a real number, not the opposite.

 

[Hurkyl]

this differentiation between "real quantity" and "imaginary quantity" is useful, at least for an engineer working on real signals.

Certainly -- if you are describing something with real values, then you had better end up with a real-valued descriptio

now here's the rub: if that final output we get from adding the components, both the positive and negative frequencies, if that final output result on paper is not a purely real number (that is, the imaginary part must be zero for all t), then we know we did something wrong, there is a goof somewhere. driving a real system, built with real components, with a real input signal, better the censored[/color] result in a real output signal, even if we ventured into "imaginary" or "complex" domain to get there. if any of the total net output is imaginary, we cannot expect to hook up a scope and see such imaginary voltages. they ain't there.

Fallacy: equivocation. You are using at least two different meanings of the "real" in this paragraph, but you seem to be treating them all as the same word.

 

[rbj]

Fallacy: equivocation. You are using at least two different meanings of the "real" in this paragraph, but you seem to be treating them all as the same word.

so what if you (think) you did the math completely correctly, started with a physical system in our observable "reality" made a computation of a physical quantity that you measure with real instruments, and came up with an answer of "3+4i volts", or "5+12i meters" or something like that? are you getting your real voltmeter to measure the 3 volts or your real tape-measure to measure the 5 meters, and then get your imaginary voltmeter to measure the 4i volts or you imaginary tape-measure to measure your 12i meters? or maybe your voltmeter will measure 5 volts? or your tape measure 13 meters? is that what you expect?

i expect, that when i interpret some complex result that i will see the consequences of that in real quantities that are expressed and measured as real numbers (these numbers might be many, as a real function of time, etc.)

but going over this, through this, and around this, you still haven't cited a single fundamental physical quantity that exists in imaginary quantities. and the arguments you have made still appear to be sophistry. i don't know who it was that thought of the terms "real" and "imaginary" for these two qualitatively different kinds of numbers that comprise complex numbers, but the terms are very apt, and have more credance with the momentum of history than do your objections to the terms. the terms really do make sense. when you square real numbers, really obtained from some physical quantity in reality, those numbers never square to be negative. only imaginary numbers that we imagine (but never measure) do that.

Hurk, i think I'm crapped out with this debate. occasionally it crops up on the USENET group comp.dsp where i hang out a lot and have seen it multiple times before. we also fight about the nature of the Dirac delta function. (is it really a function? do we dare let it exist outside an integral? what is the dimension of the dependent variable of the Dirac delta if the dimension of the independent variable is time? is the "Dirac comb" a function? do we dare express it as a Fourier series?) or whether or not the Discrete Fourier Transform inherently maps a periodic sequence from one domain to another periodic sequence of the reciprocal domain (or is the DFT any different, in essence, from the Discrete Fourier Series) .

it's just navel-gazing but we fight about it.

 

[vanesch]

so what if you (think) you did the math completely correctly, started with a physical system in our observable "reality" made a computation of a physical quantity that you measure with real instruments, and came up with an answer of "3+4i volts", or "5+12i meters" or something like that? are you getting your real voltmeter to measure the 3 volts or your real tape-measure to measure the 5 meters, and then get your imaginary voltmeter to measure the 4i volts or you imaginary tape-measure to measure your 12i meters? or maybe your voltmeter will measure 5 volts? or your tape measure 13 meters? is that what you expect?

I think you are really turning around the issue. You claim that all "fundamental quantities in nature" are real numbers, and then you go on by deciding that what qualifies as a "fundamental quantity in nature" is what is represented by a real number.

In order to illustrate your point, you always take a few examples of quantities which are indeed real numbers, and point out that for those quantities, it doesn't make sense to talk about them as complex numbers. You did this for distances, and now you do it for the scalar electromagnetic potential. Of course it doesn't make sense for these specific quantities to be represented by complex numbers, in the sense that the specific complex structure hasn't any special meaning. But it is not because you have found a few examples, that this proves in all generality that all (fundamental?) physical quantities must be necessarily real numbers and can never be complex numbers.

Hurkyl and I are trying to make you see two things.
One: what qualifies as "real" in a physical theory depends on its formalism, which is based upon mathematical constructions, such as real numbers, vectors, complex numbers, manifolds, ... , and there is not really a fundamental difference between the mathematical construction of the real numbers, and those of other constructions such as the complex numbers. It is the physical interpretation of the construction at hand which tells you whether it is a sensible hypothesis to assign some kind of ontological reality to the construction or not.
Two: in the case you want to limit yourself to fundamental quantities always being observable quantities, then the real number system doesn't qualify either, because every thinkable observation is necessarily an element of a discrete set of possibilities (in other words, can be represented by natural numbers).

You seem to hop between both views: you recognize that genuine observations will at most result in (finite lists of) natural numbers, but you do seem to think that these observations are approximations to a hypothetical quantity (which can hence only exist ontologically in a theoretical sense) that must be a "real number", and hence attribute "ontological reality" to that theoretical modellisation of the ideal real number behind the observation. But if we are allowed to assign ontological reality to theoretical constructions such as the real number, then there's no reason NOT to assign any reality to the other theoretical constructions of a theory too, as long as they have an obvious observer-independent notion to them.

When we bring about examples of such constructions, you object to them that in order to measure them, we can do so by "approximate real number" measurements. When we point out that such measurements don't measure real numbers, but at best rational numbers, you say that there is a theoretical notion behind them that corresponds to "the actual quantity" which ought to be a real number. So you change your definition of what is ontologically real during the argument.

Now, given that a scalar volt meter measures a quantity which is, indeed, represented by a real number, it is totally silly to try to assign a complex number to it. True. Same holds for distance.

But consider a quantity like "force". Force has "magnitude and direction" to it. It doesn't make sense to assign simply 3 real numbers to a force, because those 3 real numbers wouldn't be the same for different observers. However, an abstract element in a 3-dim vector space does qualify. Mind you that a 3-dim vector space is NOT R^3! An element of R^3 is a set of 3 real numbers. There is a fundamental distinction between, say (sqrt(2),0,0) and (1,1,0). The first set contains two times the neutral element for addition, while the second set contains two times the neutral element for multiplication.
Nevertheless, both of these 3-tuples are a valid representation for the same vector, in different coordinate systems. So there is something "intrinsic" to this vector representation, which a list of 3 numbers doesn't have, and that intrinsic property is exactly what we wanted to have for the physical notion of "force". As such, the abstract vector is a mathematical object which comes closer to the ontological reality of the concept of force, than a list of 3 real numbers. Moreover, the physical interpretation of force needs exactly the structure provided for by a vector space: vectorial addition. Without introducing an arbitrary coordinate system, given two forces, their vectorial sum has an intrinsic meaning. But whether or not their corresponding "list of 3 numbers" contains the neutral element for addition once or twice, doesn't have the slightest bit of intrinsic physical meaning. So there's more reality to the abstract vector than to its list of 3 coordinates.

In the same way, complex numbers are abstract constructions which qualify sometimes more than does "a set of 2 real numbers". As I pointed out, a typical use is as "the ratio of two sinusoidal signals of same frequency", also called a phasor. Typical application: a monochromatic EM field (light beam). Now, I'm not saying that the *complex signal* has any ontological reality to it. I'm just saying that the concept of "ratio of two sinusoidal signals with same frequency" is most naturally represented by a complex number:
if s1(t) = A1 sin(w.t + phi1) and s2(t) = A2 sin(w.t + phi2), then it is quite natural to represent s2/s1 by the complex number (A2/A1) exp(i(phi2-phi1)).
This has the advantage that if we have 3 signals, there is a transitivity:

if c12 = s2/s1 and if c23 = s3/s2 then c13 = s3/s1 = c12.c23 with the product given by the complex multiplication (which is the only extra structure C has over R^2). Moreover, this phasor representation also respects addition:
if s3/s1 = c13 and s2/s1 = c12, then (s2+s3)/s1 = c12 + c13.
So there is a complete interpretation to the complex number representation, and in the same way as we can talk about "distance" between two points in space, we can also talk about the "phasor relationship" between two points in the monochromatic EM field, which is a kind of "electromagnetic distance". With it, we can calculate interference patterns and everything.

The error you are committing in refuting any ontological reality to complex quantities is a straw man argument: you are attacking a point which nobody disputes. True, the complex signal A1 exp(w.t + phi) doesn't have a genuine physical interpretation. But that's not what a phasor is about. The phasor A.exp(i phi1) just represents the ratio between two real sine functions of time (yes, they are real, because they represent, say a scalar EM potential which is a real quantity, and not a complex one). But in the same way as "distance between two points in space" has physical reality, there's an "electromagnetic distance between two points in an optical setup" which can naturally be described by a phasor, which is independent of any "coordinate system choice".

Now, all this is a bit artificial of course. The genuine reality of the complex number system appears most clearly in quantum theory.

 

[Hurkyl]

and the arguments you have made still appear to be sophistry.

Out of curiousity, just what do you think is the point I'm trying to convey?

 

[rbj]

Out of curiousity, just what do you think is the point I'm trying to convey?

i've been trying to crap out on this thread, but you sucked me back in. the salient point I've been thinking you're trying to convey is:

Real numbers aren't any more real than imaginary numbers.

to which i disagree.

i know that the formal discussion of what is truly real and what is not is "ontology" (venesch's usage, not yours), but as soon as i hear (or read) that word in the context of physical science or engineering or similar, i usually run away. i am assuming we're getting past some of these deeper philosophical issues like Descartes or whether or not I'm in the Truman Show or am just a brain in some mad scientiest's laboratory and he (or the purple blob or the "god") is just applying stimulus and i am (more accurately, my disembodied brain is) reacting to this stimulus.

if we get well past that, i really think, and have defended, that fundamental physical quantities that we perceive or measure (which is just an extension of precision of what we perceive) are real numbers. (our measurements are rational, too, but i am not saying that the actual physical quanities the measurements are meant to measure are, themselves, rational.) additionally, if there is some hypothetical and "hidden" physical quantity, like a deBroglie wave, that is, in our physical equations, a complex quantity, the actual effect of such hypothetical quantity actually manifests itself as real (probability and expectation values) and such equations can be restated, albeit less elegantly, as pairs or sets of equations of real variables. I'm not recommending that we do physics that way, we should use the elegant and concise and well-established quantitative laws having complex variables, but when you apply such to a real physical context (an experiment), it is still real quantities that you are looking for. (the complex results you might ultimately view are constructed from real measurements of real numbered quantities.)

real numbers have properties that do make them more "real", or congruent to reality (without getting too philosophical about what we mean by "reality"), than what they've been calling "imaginary numbers".

 

[Crosson]

the actual physical quanities the measurements are meant to measure

Do you think that these quantities are tabulated in some book? In what sense do these "actual" quantities exist, other then in our imagination?

 

[vanesch]

i know that the formal discussion of what is truly real and what is not is "ontology" (venesch's usage, not yours), but as soon as i hear (or read) that word in the context of physical science or engineering or similar, i usually run away. i am assuming we're getting past some of these deeper philosophical issues like Descartes or whether or not I'm in the Truman Show or am just a brain in some mad scientiest's laboratory and he (or the purple blob or the "god") is just applying stimulus and i am (more accurately, my disembodied brain is) reacting to this stimulus.

Ok, if we take on this hypothesis, then what we take for ontologically real must be the formal elements of our theory that are supposed to be charged with a physical meaning, right ?

if we get well past that, i really think, and have defended, that fundamental physical quantities that we perceive or measure (which is just an extension of precision of what we perceive) are real numbers. (our measurements are rational, too, but i am not saying that the actual physical quanities the measurements are meant to measure are, themselves, rational.)

You are jumping back and fro again. What do you consider real now ? Only *observable* things (that is, observations), or "the formal thing these observations try to approach" ?
Because in the first case, we are NOT in the paradigm you previously seemed to accept (namely that there is a genuine real world out there that is more or less correctly described by our theories), and you only accept "observations" without any "background to them". In that case, we are - as you accept - not ever measuring genuine real numbers, but at best are counting.

However, if you accept the "reality of the formal entity behind the measurement", then you have to accept, well, the formal entity as it is, in its most observer-independent notion as it is present in the theory. In other words, you cannot accept the coordinate system, and reject the manifold !

additionally, if there is some hypothetical and "hidden" physical quantity, like a deBroglie wave, that is, in our physical equations, a complex quantity, the actual effect of such hypothetical quantity actually manifests itself as real (probability and expectation values) and such equations can be restated, albeit less elegantly, as pairs or sets of equations of real variables. I'm not recommending that we do physics that way, we should use the elegant and concise and well-established quantitative laws having complex variables, but when you apply such to a real physical context (an experiment), it is still real quantities that you are looking for. (the complex results you might ultimately view are constructed from real measurements of real numbered quantities.)

I think you've just DEFINED that what you consider as real, are formal elements that are represented by real numbers. That definition doesn't hold any water in the case that the natural formal structure is not the real numbers system, such as a vector or a complex quantity.

real numbers have properties that do make them more "real", or congruent to reality (without getting too philosophical about what we mean by "reality"), than what they've been calling "imaginary numbers".

You are just *using* real numbers as your DEFINITION of what you take to be "ontological reality", thereby removing from the latter term its philosophical meaning. In that case, Hurkyl is as entitled as you to also redefine it, and take imaginary numbers.

Redefining a term is not the same as giving an argument of why the original definition of the word should correspond to the concept of your definition !

 

[Hurkyl]

Hrm. You're almost right, rbj. I was worried you were much further off -- thinking that I was arguing the reals are not real, or that the complexes are real.

There's an additional nuance: I'm trying to argue that our scientific theories do not provide evidence the reals are more real than the complexes.


I make the following assertion:

there exists a mathematical theory satisfying:
(1) Interpreted as a physical theory, it is empirically indistinguishable from Newtonian mechanics.
(2) All distances are imaginary.


Question 1: If my assertion happens to be correct, do you agree that it demonstrates that the use of real numbers to quantify things in physical theories is merely a convention?

Question 2: Do you believe my assertion?

 

[rbj]

Do you think that these quantities are tabulated in some book? In what sense do these "actual" quantities exist, other then in our imagination?

no, it's the actual amount of force that causes something to move, or the actual amount of time (in someone's frame of reference) that elapsed while this something moved from some given position to another.

i think we're going to start going around the maypole again here.

 

[rbj]

venesch, i don't know how to begin to respond to your last thing. i need to read/parse/understand it more.

Hrm. You're almost right, rbj. I was worried you were much further off -- thinking that I was arguing the reals are not real, or that the complexes are real.

There's an additional nuance: I'm trying to argue that our scientific theories do not provide evidence the reals are more real than the complexes.

i might agree with that. alls I'm saying is that we don't measure anything fundamental as real (and rational) and the only reason the additional qualifier "rational" is put in there is because of the nature of finite precision of our measurement on a quantity that might have an irrational quantitative value. we will never know, from the POV of measurement, but sometimes can expect, from a theoretical description, that a fundmental quantity somewhere (a length or something) would have a quantity that is actually irrational, but we measure a rational estimate of it.

I make the following assertion:

there exists a mathematical theory satisfying:
(1) Interpreted as a physical theory, it is empirically indistinguishable from Newtonian mechanics.
(2) All distances are imaginary.Question 1: If my assertion happens to be correct, do you agree that it demonstrates that the use of real numbers to quantify things in physical theories is merely a convention?

Question 2: Do you believe my assertion?

A1: i have to wait and see.

A2: i have to wait and see.

i have my doubts. don't know how you deal with the concept of pressure when your measure of area are always negative numbers.