It comes from the fact that different diffraction lines arise from diffraction from different crystal planes in the crystal. The crystal planes are defined by their Miller indices. Look at http://www.matter.org.uk/diffraction/x-ray/powder_method.htm" and the following page for a nice explanation (page 5 and 6 seems to be about the Debye Scherrer method) on how the Miller indices can be determined from the diffraction angles.
You have to know also that not all combinations of Miller indices give rise to diffracted beams in different crystal structures.