Modelling a spring system with damping force and external forces

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The discussion centers on modeling a spring system that includes damping and external forces, with one participant suggesting the system is critically damped based on a graph. They request examples of systems exhibiting damping without external forces and with external forces, expressing confusion over the term "external force" in a Newtonian context. Additionally, a question arises regarding the equation 10y'' + 9y" + 2y' = -2e^(-t/2) and why it differs from 19y'' + 2y' = -2e^(-t/2), along with a query about the distinction between y'' and y". The conversation highlights the complexities of damping in spring systems and the interpretation of forces in mathematical modeling. Understanding these concepts is essential for accurately analyzing dynamic systems.
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Homework Statement
I know for a system with no external forces there are conditions for being underdamping, overdamping and critically damped. Is there also such conditions for systems having external forces acting on them also? Specifically, for the example 10y''+9y"+2y'=-2e^(-t/2) with conditions y(0)=0 and y'(0)=0, is the system critically damped?
Relevant Equations
10y''+9y"+2y'=-2e^(-t/2)
I think its critically damped by looking at the graph of the solution.
 
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Can you give an example of a system with no external forces that exhibits damping and a system with external forces that also exhibits damping? I do not understand your use of "external force" at least not in the Newtonian sense.

Also, if 10y''+9y"+2y'=-2e^(-t/2), why not 19y''+ 2y'=-2e^(-t/2)? Is there a real difference between y'' and y"?
 
The book claims the answer is that all the magnitudes are the same because "the gravitational force on the penguin is the same". I'm having trouble understanding this. I thought the buoyant force was equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. Weight depends on mass which depends on density. Therefore, due to the differing densities the buoyant force will be different in each case? Is this incorrect?

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