Particle shot in a flat FRW universe

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on solving Homework Problem Hartle 18.3, which involves a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) universe. The problem requires demonstrating that a particle shot from the origin at time t* with speed v* will asymptotically come to rest in a comoving frame. The solution involves using the metric ds² = -dt² + a²(t)(dx² + dy² + dz²) and the geodesic equations to derive the particle's 4-velocity and its behavior over time. The participant expresses difficulty in integrating the equations due to the complexity introduced by the scale factor a(t).

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmology
  • Familiarity with general relativity and geodesic equations
  • Knowledge of 4-velocity and its normalization in relativistic physics
  • Proficiency in calculus, particularly integration and differential equations
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the derivation of geodesic equations in curved spacetime
  • Learn about the properties of the scale factor a(t) in cosmological models
  • Explore the concept of comoving coordinates in cosmology
  • Investigate numerical methods for solving differential equations in physics
USEFUL FOR

Students and researchers in theoretical physics, particularly those focusing on cosmology and general relativity, will benefit from this discussion. It is also valuable for anyone tackling complex problems involving particle dynamics in expanding universes.

Nabeshin
Science Advisor
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Homework Statement


The problem is Hartle 18.3 and reads: "Consider a flat FRW model whose metric is given by (18.1). Show that, if a particle is shot from the origin at time t*, with a speed v* as measured by a comoving observer (constant x,y,z), then asymptotically it comes to rest with respect to a comoving frame. Express the comoving coordinate radius at which it comes to rest as an integral over a(t)."

Homework Equations


[tex]ds^2=-dt^2+a^2(t)\left[dx^2+dy^2+dz^2\right]=ds^2=-dt^2+a^2(t)\left[dr^2+r^2 d\theta^2 + r^2 sin^2(\theta) d\phi^2\right][/tex]

The Attempt at a Solution


Consider the initial 4-velocity. Using polar coordinates,
[tex]u^r=V_*[/tex]
By the normalization condition, I can find [tex]u^t[/tex], and so I get the full initial 4-velocity:

[tex]u^{\alpha}_0=\left(\sqrt{1+a^2(t_*)V_*},V_*,0,0\right)[/tex]

My thought is to evolve this 4-velocity in time to derive an expression for [tex]u^r(t)[/tex] which I can integrate from t* to infinity to find the resulting final position.

So, from the geodesic equations I have:
[tex]\frac{d u^t}{d\tau}=-\Gamma^t_{\alpha \beta} u^\alpha u^\beta = -\frac{1}{2}g^{tt}g_{rr,t}(u^r)^2=-a(t)\dot{a}(t)(u^r)^2[/tex]

[tex]\frac{d u^r}{d\tau}=-\Gamma^r_{\alpha \beta} u^\alpha u^\beta = -\frac{1}{2} g^{rr}g_{rr,t} u^t u^r = -\frac{\dot{a}(t)}{a(t)} u^t u^r = -H_0(t) u^t u^r[/tex]
Note: I'm using the comma notation for differentiation.

I can't think of any way to solve these equations. This is further muddled by the fact that the scale factor a is a function of t, which is mixed with tau, and it's a whole big mess.

Any help?
 
Last edited:

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