I Physicists disagree wildly on what quantum mechanics says about real…

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You’re probably thinking “duh”. But that’s actually the title of the article that was published yesterday.

Physicists disagree wildly on what quantum mechanics says about reality, Nature says


If there was any confusion in your mind about the confusing nature of physicists’ viewpoints… this should affirm that. :smile:

Respondents (out of 1,101) that were “confident” in their preferred interpretation:

Copenhagen 6%
Epistimic/Information-based 4%
MWI 3%
Bohmian 3%

All others (retrocausal, superdeterminism, etc.) were 1% or less.

-DrC
 
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Physics news on Phys.org
I just read the article.

First off, it's encouraging to know that so many Physicists can do anything "wildly".
... The next step for me is clear - reread it and respond to the questions.

Q1: My "favored explanation" of QM:
The 10 choices (excluding "other") are actually a mixture of theories, interpretations, and outlooks. Clearly, you can mix and match - and with a true quantum mind, you should be able to hold a superposition of almost any combination. ;)
The article continues with descriptions of numerous choices.
Here are my reactions:

* Multiworld - I dislike this because I see it as a distraction from the problem at hand. Are some worlds more likely than others? Is this time symmetric - if worlds continuously divide, do they also continuously rejoin? And there is an information problem: The set of all letters is less information that 26 sets each containing 1 letter - the location of any spot in the universe goes from something like x,y,z,t to x,y,z,<a whole history of path decisions>,t.

* Bohemian - I don't immediate dispose of this. It serves as a good example of the kind of thing you need to do to make the pieces (ie, experimental results) fit into what we always hope for in a Newtonian universe. Occam suggests picking the simplest explanation - but in this case, the simplest "explanation" is pretty klutzy.

* Epistemic - I view this as a kind of foggy, ill-defined side road of Physics. Here's what the article says: "Nature’s survey suggests that ‘epistemic’ descriptions, which say that quantum mechanics reveals only knowledge about the world, rather than representing its physical reality ...". There's definitely some ambiguity in that definition. Whether something "represents" something else is entirely context-dependent. Nothing "inherently" represents anything else. Or perhaps it is only claiming that the information is incomplete - which, of course, it generally is. But I do have a use for this side road. Over the years, I've described my views and arguments on consciousness - but at its core, I see it as a fundamental reality tightly bound to entanglement - but not in any way "represented" by information.

* Spontaneous collapse - Even though I'm not crazy about the "collapse" part, I still hold a fondness for these lines of thought. I favor the notion that particles, molecules, etc. hang onto their wavelike character until it gets whittled down to minimal states by interference and probabilities. And even then - never say collapse. In time, some odd state that started out as unlikely could persist as a lead contender.

* Copenhagen interpretation - Certainly, if you're an engineer, this is a very pragmatic view. It's useful, but really, this is the non-explanation explanation. It's good to hear that only 36% of the Physicists "favor" this - and only 12% of those are "confident".

... I think they would have put me down for "other".

I was going to do all the questions - but life interrupts me.
 
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I thought it would be informative to post the full chart from the article:

1754104879831.webp
 
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In superdeterminism, it's already fixed what everyone is going to believe, right?
 
Swamp Thing said:
In superdeterminism, it's already fixed what everyone is going to believe, right?
Not necessarily. SD only determines the necessary correlations to make it look like QM is right. There are no macroscopic correlations. If you and a colleague each pick a sequence, then the choices appear uncorrelated. If, however, you use your respective choices to determine angles in a Bell experiment, then your choices are correlated with the particles involved.

Straight SD, where everything is predetermined, isn't enough to make it look like QM is correct. SD has to work precisely to undermine QM!
 
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Any theory which causes more confusion than clarity after a century of use should probably be junked.
 
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bob012345 said:
Any theory which causes more confusion than clarity after a century of use should probably be junked.
You have missed the point. The theory, that is the "shut up and calculate" math theory does NOT cause confusion and in fact is, as the article says, "one of the most successful theories in science". It's how we choose to INTERPRET, in English, the results, that differ.
 
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Swamp Thing said:
In superdeterminism, it's already fixed what everyone is going to believe, right?
That's right: a superdeterministic model would be completely deterministic in the classical sense. However, no one knows how to construct a deterministic, causally local hidden variable model that is able to generate the non-local correlations observed in Bell experiments without resorting to some kind of conspiratorial fine-tuning of the model's initial conditions.
 
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phinds said:
You have missed the point. The theory, that is the "shut up and calculate" math theory does NOT cause confusion and in fact is, as the article says, "one of the most successful theories in science". It's how we choose to INTERPRET, in English, the results, that differ.
All I can say in my defense is that when I took it, the math caused a lot of confusion! :woot:
 
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  • #10
phinds said:
You have missed the point. The theory, that is the "shut up and calculate" math theory does NOT cause confusion and in fact is, as the article says, "one of the most successful theories in science". It's how we choose to INTERPRET, in English, the results, that differ.
It is not any better in other languages either.
 
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  • #11
I still like the Montevideo Interpretation, which I doubt is even taken seriously. There's just something that intuitively makes sense to me. (As clocks have to be more and more precise more energy is expended until they become black holes.)And yes, I know intuition is a very bad measure
 
  • #12
phinds said:
You have missed the point. The theory, that is the "shut up and calculate" math theory does NOT cause confusion and in fact is, as the article says, "one of the most successful theories in science". It's how we choose to INTERPRET, in English, the results, that differ.
the theory doesn't tell you to shut up and calculate though, that itself is an interpretation :) but otherwise, agreed
 
  • #13
syed said:
the theory doesn't tell you to shut up and calculate though, that itself is an interpretation :) but otherwise, agreed
No, that is not an interpretation, it is how you use math to describe reality. How you describe it in English is an interpretation.
 
  • #14
Actually, over the years, I have changed my view on QM interpretations. I still hold to the Ensemble interpretation. However, I no longer tend to worry about it. It comes as no surprise, since we only know the math and have no direct contact with the quantum realm, different views abound. I consider a much more important question is: knowing the math (which everyone agrees on), how does the world of common sense emerge? Advances in that area are not opinion, but follow from QM, see
https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/context/gell-mann-hartle-spin-quantum-narrative-about-reality.

I have a mathematical modelling hand-wavy type argument for the foundations of QM, built around Gleason's important theorem. It serves a psychological crux, making it seem less weird. But at rock bottom, I don't know what it is, just a reasonable argument for its mathematical structure. I think too many (including me in the past) get caught up in what has progressed historically at a snail's pace, e.g., things like Bell's Theorem, etc, but with no end in sight. Also, it must be mentioned we know ordinary QM is wrong (it can't account for particle creation and destruction), for that you need Quantum Field Theory (QFT). Wienberg has what he refers to as a folk theorem. At large enough distances, any theory will look like a QFT. We may be stuck with what are called Effective Field Theories (EFTs) that, from the start, recognise this.

We sometimes hear that QM and GR are incompatible. EFT has modified that view:
https://websites.umass.edu/donoghue/research/quantum-gravity-and-effective-field-theory/

Maybe it is too gloomy a picture, but it must be remembered that every theory has assumptions, every single one. It could be different in QM in that the assumption is that all paths lead to Rome, but we don't know where we came from. Astrophysics and cosmology may shed some light on this; only time will tell.

Thanks
Bill
 
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In my opinion, soundbites like "shut up and calculate" or "spooky action at a distance" are ultimately meaningless. They represent the negation of thought. Rational analysis is replaced by a single clever phrase that undermines an idea or even settles the debate.

The question, put in more sober terms, is whether mathematics is sufficient to describe nature at a fundamental level. Several centuries ago, mathematics itself was held back by the idea that things must be "real" or "pure"; or, that mathematics had to represent God's will in some way. Complex numbers were not immediately embraced because mathematicians didn't accept that mathematics might go beyond human intuition.

In the 20th century, Godel's theorem destroyed the illusion of the perfection of mathematics - mathematicians knew enough by this stage to accept it. Or, they were forced to accept it, because it had been proved!

The question is whether physicists (and philosophers) have to accept a similar conclusion for fundamental physics. It can probably never be proven, in the way that Godel proved that mathematics must be incomplete, so there will always be people who do not accept mathematics itself as the fundamental description of nature.

It's all very well to criticise physicists for the failure to agree on a single interpretation of QM. But, if it's impossible (like proving Euclid's 5th postulate and establishing the one true geometry), then all the interpretational arguments are a waste of time.

PS note that developing different interpretations is not a waste of time, as they can give key insights into what the mathematics is telling us.
 
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  • #17
I am not sure how useful these surveys are. There isn't enough clarification about the meaing of terms in the questions and answers. So everyone has to interpret them in some way. Do they all interpret them the same way! I am not sure. It is very possible that people who hold the same view gave different answers and people who hold differetnt views gave the same answer to a given question. I have seen mathematicians discusing platonism or formalism or some other -isms, and disagreeing untill they explained to each other what they meant by those -isms.
 
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  • #18
PeroK said:
The question, put in more sober terms, is whether mathematics is sufficient to describe nature at a fundamental level.

All experience says it is.

What Wigner said still holds:
https://webhomes.maths.ed.ac.uk/~v1ranick/papers/wigner.pdf

In my opinion, that is the 'real' mystery - not quantum mechanics.

Thanks
Bill
 
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MrRobotoToo said:
That's right: a superdeterministic model would be completely deterministic However, no one knows how to construct a deterministic, causally local hidden variable model that is able to generate the non-local correlations observed in Bell experiments without resorting to some kind of conspiratorial fine-tuning of the model's initial conditions.

A block universe theory/model


....
 
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bhobba said:
In my opinion, that is the 'real' mystery - not quantum mechanics.
I don't find that a mystery at all to be honest; to me, its like asking about the unreasonable effectiveness of language in describing things, which I think can be easily deflated.
 
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physika said:
A block universe theory/model


....
If you were to make it relativistic, then arguably yes!
 
  • #22
iste said:
I don't find that a mystery at all to be honest; to me, its like asking about the unreasonable effectiveness of language in describing things, which I think can be easily deflated.
Not sure what you mean: It could be:
  • If current language(s) would not be good enough for the job, we would keep inventing new language concepts until it starts working. Which gets even more obvious with math, because the math that can describe quantum mechanics is completely different from the math available to the ancient greeks.
  • Mathematics is just a sort of language, and obviously language is able to desribed anything, in principle.
  • ...
 
  • #23
sbrothy said:
I still like the Montevideo Interpretation, which I doubt is even taken seriously. There's just something that intuitively makes sense to me. (As clocks have to be more and more precise more energy is expended until they become black holes.)And yes, I know intuition is a very bad measure
I’d never seen that one. At first glance, I like it. Now, I have dig in to determine whether I can believe it …
 
  • #24
It's generally not taken very seriously. It may even have been refuted(?). Still, I like it's "arguments" on an intuitive level, which - as I know - is a bad measure for determining what is right and wrong. Like saying this or other theory is "correct" because it's "beautiful".

EDIT: Also, it doesn't even make any difference to the actual outcomes, but I guess that interpretations for you.

I think this one: The Montevideo Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics: a short review, is a better start.
 
  • #25
@bhobba responding to @PeroK 's:
"The question, put in more sober terms, is whether mathematics is sufficient to describe nature at a fundamental level. "

bhobba said:
All experience says it is.

What Wigner said still holds:
https://webhomes.maths.ed.ac.uk/~v1ranick/papers/wigner.pdf

In my opinion, that is the 'real' mystery - not quantum mechanics.

Thanks
Bill

So, @PeroK says "fundamental level", and @bhobba then describes it as a "real mystery".
In both cases, they seem to be imagining some kind of Physics "end game". And then, perhaps with @PeroK but certainly with @bhobba, it is an end game where nothing is left on the table.

Perhaps I have no patience for "mystery", but I see things differently - or perhaps only more explicitly.

There are the rules of Physics which we are working to uncover - a task that may well outlast our species.
We use Math to assimilate and model our observations. I have no doubt that Math is up to the task. After all, all we are trying to do is model the observed results of the mechanics and it's hard to imagine a situation where we fail to come up with a working model because of limitations in Math rather than limitations in Mathematicians.

But then there is this "reality" thing:

First, let me show you what I see as the connection between "consciousness" and "reality". And by "consciousness", I am referring to a very basic Physical element - not necessarily to a "human consciousness" with all of its brain-based "animal", "self", "social", etc attachments.
In my view, reality and this basic kind of consciousness are very tightly bound. A universe without any form of consciousness is just an uninstantiated version of Physics. And if the rules of that universe have never been contemplated in a "conscious" world such as ours, it isn't even a dream - it is nothing.

So, I view "consciousness" as a kind of substrate to a universe.
For the case-in-point, (ie, our universe), I have posted on this before. Based on my observation of my own consciousness and discussions with others on the nature of theirs, human consciousness has the capacity to hold well more than a few bits of information in a single state. Given the known Physics, this is entanglement.

And that makes QM entanglement as a tie-point between the observable mechanics of our universe and its conscious substrate.

That tie-point is my boundary of Physics. That substrate is consciousness and I see absolutely no potential to uncovering any further information about it. We can still create further models of entanglement - and perhaps refine the exact role of the tie point(s), but there is no observation that would discern the differences between "reality" and "nothing" beyond what is immediately apparent.

So, when I use the term "fundamental" in Physics, I am only referring to the mechanics down to the tie-points and no further - because I see no reason to expect that the reality substrate itself is "explainable" or even by its nature could be explainable.
 
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  • #26
bhobba said:
What Wigner said still holds:
https://webhomes.maths.ed.ac.uk/~v1ranick/papers/wigner.pdf

In my opinion, that is the 'real' mystery - not quantum mechanics.
In the perspective of evolution of law, an answer was proposed here by Smolin

"The view I will propose answers Wigner’s query about the ”unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in physics” by showing that the role of mathematics within physics is reasonable, because it is limited. In particular, there is no mathematical object which is isomorphic to the universe as a whole, and
hence no perfect correspondence between nature and mathematics."
-- https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.03733

I see this is related to that every particular mathematical model typically describes an "effective theory", meaning it is limited to a particular domain. It's effectiveness is not a coincidence.

/Fredrik
 
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  • #27
.Scott said:
@bhobba responding to @PeroK 's:
"The question, put in more sober terms, is whether mathematics is sufficient to describe nature at a fundamental level. "



So, @PeroK says "fundamental level", and @bhobba then describes it as a "real mystery".
In both cases, they seem to be imagining some kind of Physics "end game". And then, perhaps with @PeroK but certainly with @bhobba, it is an end game where nothing is left on the table.

Perhaps I have no patience for "mystery", but I see things differently - or perhaps only more explicitly.

There are the rules of Physics which we are working to uncover - a task that may well outlast our species.
We use Math to assimilate and model our observations. I have no doubt that Math is up to the task. After all, all we are trying to do is model the observed results of the mechanics and it's hard to imagine a situation where we fail to come up with a working model because of limitations in Math rather than limitations in Mathematicians.

But then there is this "reality" thing:

First, let me show you what I see as the connection between "consciousness" and "reality". And by "consciousness", I am referring to a very basic Physical element - not necessarily to a "human consciousness" with all of its brain-based "animal", "self", "social", etc attachments.
In my view, reality and this basic kind of consciousness are very tightly bound. A universe without any form of consciousness is just an uninstantiated version of Physics. And if the rules of that universe have never been contemplated in a "conscious" world such as ours, it isn't even a dream - it is nothing.

So, I view "consciousness" as a kind of substrate to a universe.
For the case-in-point, (ie, our universe), I have posted on this before. Based on my observation of my own consciousness and discussions with others on the nature of theirs, human consciousness has the capacity to hold well more than a few bits of information in a single state. Given the known Physics, this is entanglement.

And that makes QM entanglement as a tie-point between the observable mechanics of our universe and its conscious substrate.

That tie-point is my boundary of Physics. That substrate is consciousness and I see absolutely no potential to uncovering any further information about it. We can still create further models of entanglement - and perhaps refine the exact role of the tie point(s), but there is no observation that would discern the differences between "reality" and "nothing" beyond what is immediately apparent.

So, when I use the term "fundamental" in Physics, I am only referring to the mechanics down to the tie-points and no further - because I see no reason to expect that the reality substrate itself is "explainable" or even by its nature could be explainable.

Math has been very successful in describing our world and letting us manipulate it. I expect that to continue even though we seem to be at an impasse. I'm not sure math or even quantum mechanical interpretations have anything to say about consciousness per se. I think that's a completely different problem. An important one mind, but not a study I'd expect clear answers from in the near, or even remote, future.

But perhaps, just perhaps, philosophy based on actual science could offer some hints as to the nature of existence. Ontology is it?
 
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  • #28
syed said:
"shut up and calculate" is often related to the Copenhagen interpretation. The term comes from David Mermin and he coined it to literally summarize Copenhagen-type views:

https://hsm.stackexchange.com/questions/3615/who-was-the-first-to-say-shut-up-and-calculate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation

This is a little disappointing from where I stand. First I find out that H. C. Ørsted isn't all he's hyped up to be, and now it's Niels Bohr's turn? (I realize that's not the only thing he's known for though.)

:smile:
 
  • #29
sbrothy said:
This is a little disappointing from where I stand. First I find out that H. C. Ørsted isn't all he's hyped up to be, and now it's Niels Bohr's turn? (I realize that's not the only thing he's known for though.)

:smile:
Thanks, your comment made me notice that the wikipedia article "implicitly proposes" a solution to the whole conundrum surrounding the Copenhagen interpretation:
Wikipedia: Copenhagen interpretation said:
In a 1960 review of Heisenberg's book, Bohr's close collaborator Léon Rosenfeld called the term an "ambiguous expression" and suggested it be discarded.[22] However, this did not come to pass, and the term entered widespread use.[16][19] Bohr's ideas in particular are distinct despite the use of his Copenhagen home in the name of the interpretation. [23]
Instead of trying to fit Bohr's ideas into the Copenhagen interpretation, or distinguishing between Heisenberg's and Bohr's variant of the Copenhagen interpretation, simply take the ideas of Heisenberg and his pupils as the Copenhagen interpretation, and let Bohr's ideas find a better home.

The survey didn't do this. If you adhere to the ideas of Niels Bohr or Asher Peres, your only reasonable choices were "Copenhagen Interpretation" or "Other - non-categorized".
 
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  • #30
gentzen said:
Thanks, your comment made me notice that the wikipedia article "implicitly proposes" a solution to the whole conundrum surrounding the Copenhagen interpretation:

Instead of trying to fit Bohr's ideas into the Copenhagen interpretation, or distinguishing between Heisenberg's and Bohr's variant of the Copenhagen interpretation, simply take the ideas of Heisenberg and his pupils as the Copenhagen interpretation, and let Bohr's ideas find a better home.

The survey didn't do this. If you adhere to the ideas of Niels Bohr or Asher Peres, your only reasonable choices were "Copenhagen Interpretation" or "Other - non-categorized".
Well, I’m glad to be of help. However little or indirect it may be. :smile:
 

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