Planetary motion as perpetual motion?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion explores whether a planet orbiting a sun can be classified as an example of perpetual motion. It examines the definitions and implications of perpetual motion in the context of planetary orbits, touching on concepts from physics such as Newton's laws and gravitational dynamics.

Discussion Character

  • Conceptual clarification, Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions if a planet's orbit could be considered perpetual motion, noting that it returns to the same position annually and wondering if work must be performed for it to qualify as such.
  • Another participant clarifies that while Newton's first Law may align with a dictionary definition of "perpetual" motion, the scientific community does not use the term in this context, as it typically refers to motions that violate thermodynamic laws.
  • A different viewpoint suggests that a planet's stable orbit results from a balance between gravitational forces and its velocity, with the absence of drag in the vacuum of space allowing for continuous orbiting.
  • Another participant counters that planetary orbits are not truly perpetual, as they eventually decay over time, leading to either escape from the star or being consumed by it, despite this process taking billions of years.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on whether planetary orbits can be classified as perpetual motion, with some arguing that they can be seen as such under certain definitions, while others assert that they ultimately decay and are not perpetual.

Contextual Notes

The discussion highlights the ambiguity in the definition of perpetual motion and the conditions under which planetary orbits might be considered as such, without resolving the underlying assumptions or definitions involved.

GiantSheeps
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Could a planet orbiting around a sun be considered an example of perpetual motion? I know that the planet wouldn't be doing any work, since it goes back to the same spot every year, but does an object have to be performing for it to be considered perpetual motion? The two might have nothing to do with one another, but I admittedly don't have very much experience with physics and all that.
 
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Your instincts are correct: though Newton's first Law might fit the dictionary definition for "perpetual" motion, scientists don't use that word to describe it. They only use the word to describe motions that violate the laws of physics (thermodynamics).
 
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Essentially, its stable orbit is a rare balance of gravity opposed by just the correct velocity of the planet, as space is a vacuum, no drag occurs to slow the planets endless orbiting.
 
Planetary orbits eventually decay. They ultimately either escape the host star, or are consumed by it. This process can take many billions of years. So an orbit can be robust, but, not perpetual.
 
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