Proportionality constants in physical relations, such as the universal gravitational constant (G), are determined through careful experimental measurements, which yield values with associated precision levels. The exact values of these constants are often not precise due to variations in experimental methods. For example, G is known to be the least precisely determined physical constant. Other constants, like "k" in Coulomb's law, initially had empirically derived values but can now be calculated from other constants for greater accuracy. Understanding these constants is crucial for accurate scientific calculations and theories.