Quantum fluctuations at critical point

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers on the concept of quantum fluctuations at a quantum critical point (QCP) in the context of second-order phase transitions. Participants explore the implications of scale invariance and the relationship between correlation length and fluctuations, addressing both theoretical and conceptual aspects of the topic.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Conceptual clarification
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant expresses confusion about the meaning of diverging quantum fluctuations at the critical point, questioning whether it implies that fluctuations become infinitely large.
  • Another participant clarifies that "infinitely large" is shorthand for scale invariance, explaining that while correlations decay exponentially in non-critical systems, they do not have a single length scale at the critical point, leading to a diverging correlation length.
  • A participant questions the term "scale invariant," noting that while correlations drop off with distance via a power law, they seem to change when zoomed out, challenging the notion of invariance.
  • It is pointed out that although correlations change when zoomed out, they still follow a power law with the same exponent, suggesting a form of invariance under scaling.
  • Another participant raises a concern about the relationship between large thermal fluctuations and diverging correlation length, arguing that if large fluctuations lead to a diverging correlation length, it may imply a tautology and questioning whether large fluctuations actually increase randomness rather than order.
  • A subsequent reply supports the idea of tautology, referencing classical statistical mechanics and suggesting that thermal fluctuations are fundamental to understanding critical points and diverging quantities.
  • Participants discuss the notion of "large fluctuations" at criticality, indicating that these fluctuations correspond to fluctuations across all length scales.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants exhibit disagreement regarding the interpretation of large thermal fluctuations and their relationship to correlation length. There is no consensus on whether large fluctuations contribute to order or randomness in the system.

Contextual Notes

Participants reference various articles and models, including the Ising model, to illustrate their points, but the discussion remains focused on theoretical interpretations without resolving the underlying complexities.

AcidRainLiTE
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According to wikipedia:

"As for a classical second order transition, a quantum second order transition has a quantum critical point (QCP) where the quantum fluctuations driving the transition diverge and become scale invariant in space and time."

I am confused about what this means. Why do the fluctuations diverge? The quantum fluctuations become infinitely large at the critical point? That does not seem correct. Can someone clarify for me?
 
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Infinitely large is just shorthand for scale invariant. If the correlations decay exponentially, there is a finite length scale set by the exponential decay. There is no such single length scale for scale invariant correlations, and so the correlation length is said to diverge.
 
Ok, that makes sense. It brings up another question for me though. Why do people call a system "scale invariant" when the correlation length diverges? The correlations still drop off (with distance) via a power law, right? So if I zoom out they will change, and so don't seem "invariant".
 
If you zoom out, they will change, but only by an overall constant factor, so the correlations will still obey a power law with the same exponent
 
Interpreting "diverging thermal fluctuations" as equivalent to "infinite correlation length" doesn't make sense with another article I am reading which says:
"What drives the correlation length to infinity are thermal fluctuations, which become very large close to criticality."

If large "large thermal fluctuations" is a synonym for diverging correlation length, than the above sentence is a tautology, simply stating "What drives the correlation length to infinity is the diverging correlation length." Instead, it seems to be saying that the two concepts are distinct, and one causes the other (large thermal fluctuations causing the diverging correlation length)

Wouldn't large thermal fluctuations do exactly the opposite? That is, wouldn't thermal fluctuations tend to increase the randomness in the system, not order it.
 
I think the sentence is a tautology. My understanding is that in classical statistical mechanics, it is the thermal fluctuations that do anything by definition since we are using the canonical ensemble. Then in particular systems, there is a critical point at which the correlation length and other quantities diverge.

Here is a picture of the Ising model below, at and above criticality: http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v6/n10/box/nphys1803_BX1.html (just look at the picture, ignore the commentary about the brain, which I don't know whether is correct). Another example is

.

In some sense there clearly are "large fluctuations" at criticality, corresponding to there being "fluctuations on all length scales".
 
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