Question about a proof of the converse of Thales' theorem

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    Euclidean geometry
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Homework Statement
Proof of the converse of Thales' theorem
Relevant Equations
(x–u)(x–v) = 0
I was watching this series of videos of Eddie Woo proving Thales' theorem and its converse. I didn't understand this part (at 2:15) where he considered (x–u)(x–v) = 0. He later used the result he got from considering that. But why consider it in the first place?

 
I tried to combine those 2 formulas but it didn't work. I tried using another case where there are 2 red balls and 2 blue balls only so when combining the formula I got ##\frac{(4-1)!}{2!2!}=\frac{3}{2}## which does not make sense. Is there any formula to calculate cyclic permutation of identical objects or I have to do it by listing all the possibilities? Thanks
Essentially I just have this problem that I'm stuck on, on a sheet about complex numbers: Show that, for ##|r|<1,## $$1+r\cos(x)+r^2\cos(2x)+r^3\cos(3x)...=\frac{1-r\cos(x)}{1-2r\cos(x)+r^2}$$ My first thought was to express it as a geometric series, where the real part of the sum of the series would be the series you see above: $$1+re^{ix}+r^2e^{2ix}+r^3e^{3ix}...$$ The sum of this series is just: $$\frac{(re^{ix})^n-1}{re^{ix} - 1}$$ I'm having some trouble trying to figure out what to...
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