High School Question about Mercator's projection

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The discussion centers on the mathematical foundations of the Mercator projection, specifically its conformal properties. It emphasizes that for a map to be conformal, the local latitude scale must match the local longitude scale, leading to the equations x(λ,ϕ)=Ccos(ϕ)λ and y(λ,ϕ)=Cϕ. The conversation also highlights the importance of understanding the constants involved, particularly the differentiation between various constants denoted as C. The full derivation of these principles can be found in the referenced Wikipedia article on the Mercator projection.

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I read the Wikipedia article : https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection

Section : Mathematics of the Mercator projection.

For a map to be conformal should not it be $$k(\phi)=C,h(\phi)=C$$, or the shrinking coefficient shall be not only equal but homogeneous, in order to be conformal ? We then get two partial differential equations and their solution is Simply obtained by integrating a constant towards the variable of integration :

$$x(\lambda,\phi)=Ccos(\phi)\lambda$$
$$y(\lambda,\phi)=C\phi$$

Does this anyhow makes sense ?
 
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To be conformal, it is sufficient that the local latitude scale match the local longitude scale.
Here is the legend (as I understand it) for you equations:
x,y: The map coordinates.
ϕ: Latitude
λ: Longitude I am not clear on your k and h - perhaps they indicate x,y scale. If they do, then you are glazing over the fact that there are many C's. I would say you have a ##C_\phi##, not a C.

For Mercator, x (the horizontal, longitude direction) will always be proportional to the Longitude.
So x(λ,ϕ)=R ϕ

That leaves y to be a function that always has a scale (differential) equal to the x scale.

The full derivation is in the wiki article you cited:
{\displaystyle x=R(\lambda -\lambda _{0}),\qquad y=R\ln \left[\tan \left({\frac {\pi }{4}}+{\frac {\varphi }{2}}\right)\right].}
 
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