MHB Solve for the coordinates of square

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Three unit circles, C1, C2, and C3, are positioned such that each circle passes through the centers of the other two. A square ABCD surrounds these circles, with each side tangent to at least one circle. The coordinates of the square are defined with points A at (0,0), B at (a,0), C at (a,a), and D at (0,a). The center of C2 is located within triangle ABC, while the center of C3 is within triangle ACD. The discussion revolves around determining the value of 'a' that meets these conditions.
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Three unit circles $C_1$, $C_2$ and $C_3$ in a plane have the property that each circle passes through the centres of the other two. A square $ABCD$ surrounds the three circles in such a way that each of its four sides is tangent to at least one of $C_1$,$C_2$ and $C_3$. $A=(0,0)$, $B=(a,0)$, $C=(a,a)$ and $D=(0,a)$. The centre of $C_2$ lies inside the $\Delta ABC$ and centre of $C_3$ lies inside the $\Delta ACD$. Find the value of $a$.
 
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Since there are three circles, and four sides, by the PHP, there has
to be two adjacent sides of the square $S$ that is tangent to the same circle.
WLOG, assume that is $C_1$, and the point where these two tangents meet
is $A$. Let's label $\tau_1, \tau_2, \tau_3$ be the centers of
circle $C_1, C_2, C_3$ respectively such that $\tau_2$ is in $\triangle ABC$
and $\tau_3$ is in $\triangle ACD$.

Consider two tanget points $P$ and $Q$ of $C_1$ to the square. (Specifically,
let $P$ be on side $AB$ and $Q$ on $AD$.) Because they
form a right angle, the quadrilateral $AP\tau_1Q$ is a square, and is
proportional to $\square ABCD$, therefore the points $A, \tau_1, C$ are colinear.
Moreover, this line also passes through the other point of intersection of
circle $C_2$ and $C_3$.

Now consider the feet of the perpendiculars of $\tau_2$ to side $AB$ and $BC$,
and label them $M$ and $N$ respectively. We have that $\tau_2M = \tau_2N = \tau_1P = \tau_1Q = 1$
since they are all radii of the unit circle. We also have: (1) $\tau_1\tau_2 = 1$.
(2) the triangle formed by the centers, $\triangle \tau_1\tau_2\tau_3$ is equilateral,
so $\angle \tau_3\tau_1\tau_2 = 60^\circ$. (3) Since $\angle P\tau_1Q = 270^\circ$ and
given (2) and that line $AC$ bisects it, $\angle Q\tau_1\tau_3 = \frac 12 (270^\circ - 60^\circ) = 105^\circ$.

We then have:
\begin{align}
PM &= \tau_1\tau_2 \cos(180^\circ - \angle Q\tau_1\tau_2) \\
&= \cos(180^\circ - \angle Q\tau_1\tau_3 - \angle \tau_3\tau_1\tau_2) \\
&= - \cos (\angle Q\tau_1\tau_3 + \angle \tau_3\tau_1\tau_2) \\
&= - \cos (165^\circ) = \frac{\sqrt{6}+\sqrt 2}4.
\end{align}

Finally, we have that $AB = AP + PM + MB$. We know $MB = AP = 1$,
so the length of the square is $2 + \frac{\sqrt{6}+\sqrt 2}4$.
 
magneto said:
Since there are three circles, and four sides, by the PHP, there has
to be two adjacent sides of the square $S$ that is tangent to the same circle.
WLOG, assume that is $C_1$, and the point where these two tangents meet
is $A$. Let's label $\tau_1, \tau_2, \tau_3$ be the centers of
circle $C_1, C_2, C_3$ respectively such that $\tau_2$ is in $\triangle ABC$
and $\tau_3$ is in $\triangle ACD$.

Consider two tanget points $P$ and $Q$ of $C_1$ to the square. (Specifically,
let $P$ be on side $AB$ and $Q$ on $AD$.) Because they
form a right angle, the quadrilateral $AP\tau_1Q$ is a square, and is
proportional to $\square ABCD$, therefore the points $A, \tau_1, C$ are colinear.
Moreover, this line also passes through the other point of intersection of
circle $C_2$ and $C_3$.

Now consider the feet of the perpendiculars of $\tau_2$ to side $AB$ and $BC$,
and label them $M$ and $N$ respectively. We have that $\tau_2M = \tau_2N = \tau_1P = \tau_1Q = 1$
since they are all radii of the unit circle. We also have: (1) $\tau_1\tau_2 = 1$.
(2) the triangle formed by the centers, $\triangle \tau_1\tau_2\tau_3$ is equilateral,
so $\angle \tau_3\tau_1\tau_2 = 60^\circ$. (3) Since $\angle P\tau_1Q = 270^\circ$ and
given (2) and that line $AC$ bisects it, $\angle Q\tau_1\tau_3 = \frac 12 (270^\circ - 60^\circ) = 105^\circ$.

We then have:
\begin{align}
PM &= \tau_1\tau_2 \cos(180^\circ - \angle Q\tau_1\tau_2) \\
&= \cos(180^\circ - \angle Q\tau_1\tau_3 - \angle \tau_3\tau_1\tau_2) \\
&= - \cos (\angle Q\tau_1\tau_3 + \angle \tau_3\tau_1\tau_2) \\
&= - \cos (165^\circ) = \frac{\sqrt{6}+\sqrt 2}4.
\end{align}

Finally, we have that $AB = AP + PM + MB$. We know $MB = AP = 1$,
so the length of the square is $2 + \frac{\sqrt{6}+\sqrt 2}4$.

Thanks for your participation magneto, your answer is correct!

Is it possible for you to post an image for your solution, the following statement isn't obvious to me:
We have that $\tau_2M = \tau_2N = \tau_1P = \tau_1Q = 1$

How do you conclude $\tau_2M=\tau_2N=1$? Both the sides $AB$ and $BC$ are not tangent to $C_2$, only one of them is, right?
 
You are right, $\tau_2M \neq 1$, as $C_2$ is tangent to $S$ at $N$ only. However, looking at the proof, I realize distance $\tau_2M$ does not matter.

I will try to get a picture up, but Google drawing was flaking out on me when I tried earlier.
 
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