Steward e6 7r33 rational integral

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the integral $$\displaystyle \int\frac{{x}^{2}}{\left(4-{x}^{2}\right)^{3/2}} \ dx$$. Participants explore various methods for solving this integral, including substitution techniques and integration by parts. The scope includes mathematical reasoning and technical explanations related to integral calculus.

Discussion Character

  • Mathematical reasoning, Technical explanation, Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant proposes a substitution method with $$u=4-{x}^{2}$$ and expresses difficulty in proceeding with the integral.
  • Another participant suggests using a trigonometric substitution instead of the initial approach.
  • A different participant reiterates the substitution method and suggests applying integration by parts, specifying $$u = x$$ and $$\mathrm{d}v = -\frac{2\,x}{\left( 4 - x^2 \right) ^{\frac{3}{2}}}\,\mathrm{d}x$$.
  • One participant employs a trigonometric substitution $$x=2\sin\left({u}\right)$$ and derives an expression involving $$\tan^2\left({u}\right)$$, leading to a solution involving $$\tan\left({u}\right)$$ and $$\arcsin\left({\frac{x}{2}}\right)$$.
  • Another participant also uses the same trigonometric substitution but questions a step in the derivation, suggesting a correction to the expression involving $$\sin^2{(u)}$$.
  • A later post repeats the trigonometric substitution and presents a similar solution, reinforcing the earlier contributions.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants present multiple approaches to solving the integral, with some suggesting corrections or alternative methods. There is no consensus on a single method or solution, and the discussion remains unresolved regarding the best approach.

Contextual Notes

Some participants express uncertainty about the steps involved in the integration process, particularly regarding the application of integration by parts and the correctness of the trigonometric substitution. There are unresolved mathematical steps and potential dependencies on definitions of the functions involved.

karush
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$$\displaystyle
\int\frac{{x}^{2}}{\left(4-{x}^{2}\right)^{3/2}} \ dx$$
$u=4-{x}^{2} \ \ \ du=-2x dx \ \ \ x=\sqrt{4-u}$
$$\displaystyle
\int\frac{4-u}{
\left(u\right)^{3/2}} -2 \sqrt{4-u}\ du$$

Stuck
 
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Try a trigonometric substitution instead. :)
 
karush said:
$$\displaystyle
\int\frac{{x}^{2}}{\left(4-{x}^{2}\right)^{3/2}} \ dx$$
$u=4-{x}^{2} \ \ \ du=-2x dx \ \ \ x=\sqrt{4-u}$
$$\displaystyle
\int\frac{4-u}{
\left(u\right)^{3/2}} -2 \sqrt{4-u}\ du$$

Stuck

Another option is to write $\displaystyle \begin{align*} \int{ \frac{x^2}{\left( 4 - x^2 \right) ^{\frac{3}{2}}}\,\mathrm{d}x } = -\frac{1}{2}\int{ x\,\left( -\frac{2\,x}{\left( 4 - x^2 \right) ^{\frac{3}{2}}} \right) \,\mathrm{d}x } \end{align*}$ and then apply integration by parts with $\displaystyle \begin{align*} u = x \end{align*}$ and $\displaystyle \begin{align*} \mathrm{d}v = -\frac{2\,x}{\left( 4 - x^2 \right) ^{\frac{3}{2}}}\,\mathrm{d}x \end{align*}$.
 
$$\displaystyle
I=\int\frac{{x}^{2}}{\left(4-{x}^{2}\right)^{3/2}} \ dx$$
$x=2\sin\left({u}\right)
\ \ \ dx=2\cos\left({u}\right) du
\ \ \ u=\arcsin\left({\frac{x}{2}}\right)$
$$\displaystyle
I=\int\frac{8\sin\left({u}\right)\cos\left({u}\right)}
{\left(4\left(1-\sin^2\left({u}\right)\right)\right)^{3/2}}\ du
\implies\int\tan^2\left({u}\right) \ du
\implies\tan\left({u}\right)-u+C$$
$\sin\left({u}\right)=\frac{x}{2}
\ \ \ \ \tan\left({u}\right)=\frac{x}{\sqrt{4-{x}^{2}}}$
$$I=\frac{x}{\sqrt{4-{x}^{2}}}-\arcsin\left({\frac{x}{2}}\right)+C$$
 
karush said:
$$\displaystyle
I=\int\frac{{x}^{2}}{\left(4-{x}^{2}\right)^{3/2}} \ dx$$
$x=2\sin\left({u}\right)
\ \ \ dx=2\cos\left({u}\right) du
\ \ \ u=\arcsin\left({\frac{x}{2}}\right)$
$$\displaystyle
I=\int\frac{8\sin\left({u}\right)\cos\left({u}\right)}
{\left(4\left(1-\sin^2\left({u}\right)\right)\right)^{3/2}}\ du$$

Should be $\displaystyle \begin{align*} \int{ \frac{8\sin^2{(u)}\cos{(u)}}{ \left\{ 4\,\left[ 1 - \sin^2{(u)} \right] \right\} ^{\frac{3}{2}} } \,\mathrm{d}u } \end{align*}$
 
$\tiny\text{Stewart e6 {7r33} } $
$$\displaystyle
I=\int\frac{{x}^{2}}{\left(4-{x}^{2}\right)^{3/2}} \ dx$$
$x=2\sin\left({u}\right)
\ \ \ dx=2\cos\left({u}\right) du
\ \ \ u=\arcsin\left({\frac{x}{2}}\right)$
$$\displaystyle
I=\int\frac{8\sin^2\left({u}\right)\cos\left({u}\right)}
{\left(4\left(1-\sin^2\left({u}\right)\right)\right)^{3/2}}\ du
\implies\int\tan^2\left({u}\right) \ du
\implies\tan\left({u}\right)-u+C$$
$\sin\left({u}\right)=\frac{x}{2}
\ \ \ \ \tan\left({u}\right)=\frac{x}{\sqrt{4-{x}^{2}}}$
$$I=\frac{x}{\sqrt{4-{x}^{2}}}-\arcsin\left({\frac{x}{2}}\right)+C$$
$\tiny\text
{from Surf the Nations math study group}$
🏄 🏄 🏄
 

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