Democrats have devoted plenty of attention to scouring John Roberts's record. Yet to date they've paid surprisingly little attention to his support for perhaps the oddest legacy of the Rehnquist Court: its unprecedented expansion of the "sovereign immunity" doctrine to greatly restrict the ability of private citizens to obtain money from states that violate their federal rights. Raising the issue at next week's Senate confirmation hearings won't, of course, sink Roberts's nomination. But it just might give Democrats a rare opportunity to claim the mantle of anti-government reform at a time when the whole nation will be watching.
The Court's recent expansion of sovereign immunity, rooted in the dubious English common-law notion that "the King can do no wrong," has given states a virtual license to break the law with impunity. Thanks to the Court, you're out of luck if you try to sue a state for money when, in violation of federal law, it fires you because you're too old, demotes you because you have breast cancer, refuses to accommodate your disability at work, stiffs you on overtime pay, rips off your patent, or plagiarizes your copyright. The state technically still isn't allowed to do these things--you can get a court order telling it to stop, and, in the employment context, rehire you, assuming you still want the job. What you cannot do, however, is get the state to provide back pay if it wrongly fired you or damages if it stole your intellectual property. In other words, the state can violate federal law unless and until it gets caught, at which point it pays no price for its prior lawbreaking. It's like telling a car thief that he can keep your Honda, but he mustn't steal your Chevy.
What does Roberts think about this? In a 1999 interview with National Public Radio, Roberts lavished praise upon three sovereign immunity decisions handed down the previous day, describing them as a "big deal" and a "healthy reminder" that "we still live under a federal system" in which "states as co-equal sovereigns have their own sovereign powers." Roberts explained that "just because Congress has the power to tell individuals and companies that this is what you're going to do, and if you don't do it, people can sue you, that doesn't mean they can treat the states the same way."