Tensor Products - Understanding Cooperstein, Theorem 10.2

Gold Member
I am reading Bruce N. Coopersteins book: Advanced Linear Algebra (Second Edition) ... ...

I am focused on Section 10.1 Introduction to Tensor Products ... ...

I need help in order to get a basic understanding of Theorem 10.2 regarding the basis of a tensor product ... ...

My apologies if my previous questions on this matter are similar to earlier questions ... but I have been puzzling over this theorem for some time ... and still do not have a full understanding of it ...

My questions are as follows:

1. What is the nature/form of the elements of ##X'## and ##X## and how are they related to each other ...

2. What are the nature/form of the elements of ##Z## and ##Z'## and how are they related to each other ... and further, what is the form of the non-basis elements of ##Z## and ##Z'## ... ...

Apologies ... ... I know I have not formulated the question very precisely ... ...
... ... but nonetheless I hope someone is able to help ...

Peter

============================================================

*** EDIT ***

I have been reflecting on my own questions above ... here are my thoughts ...

Elements of ##X'## would be of the form

##x = (v_1, v_2, \ ... \ ... \ , v_m)## with ##v_i \in \mathcal{B}_i##

Elements of ##X = V_1 \times V_2 \times \ ... \ ... \ \times V_m## would be of the form

##x = (v_1, v_2, \ ... \ ... \ , v_m)## with ##v_i \in V_i##

and ... ...

... since I imagine ##\mathcal{B}_i \subseteq V_i ## ... then we have ##X' \subseteq X## ... ...

(Now ... can we say any more about the form of the elements of X' and X?

Is the above all we can say? )

Now, before outlining the form of the elements of ##Z'## ... we just note that we are asked to identify each element ##x = (v_1, v_2, \ ... \ ... \ , v_m) \in X' ## with ##\chi_x \in Z'## ... ...

Now, ##Z'## is a vector space over the field ##\mathbb{F}##, so there will be an operation of addition of elements of ##Z'## and a scalar multiplication ... ...

So ... if ##x_1 = (v_{11}, v_{21}, \ ... \ ... \ , v_{m1}) \in X'## and if ##c_1 \in \mathbb{F}## ... ...

... then ##c_1 \chi_{x_1} \in Z'##

Similarly ##c_2 \chi_{x_2} \in Z'## and so on ....

So, by operations of addition we can form elements of the form

##c_1 \chi_{x_1} + c_2 \chi_{x_2} + \ ... \ ... \ + c_n \chi_{x_n}## ... ... ... ... ... (1)

... and (1) above is the general form of elements in ##Z'## ... ...

If we then identify ##c_i \chi_{x_i}## with ##x_i## we can view the elements of ##Z'## as

##c_1 (v_{11}, v_{21}, \ ... \ ... \ , v_{m1}) + c_2 (v_{12}, v_{22}, \ ... \ ... \ , v_{m2}) + \ ... \ ... \

+ c_n (v_{1n}, v_{2n}, \ ... \ ... \ , v_{mn})##

BUT ... THEN ... what form do the elements of ##Z## have ... especially those that are in ##Z##] but not in ##Z'## ... ... ???

Can someone please critique my analysis ... and comment on the elements of ##Z## ... especially those not in ##Z'##... ...

========================================================
========================================================

NOTE:

The early pages of Cooperstein's Section 10.1 give the notation and approach to understanding tensor products and hence to understanding the notation and concepts used in Theorem 10.2 ... ... hence I am providing the first few pages of Section 10.1 as follows:

Attachments

• Cooperstein - 3 - Theorem 10.2 .... ....png
141.1 KB · Views: 621
• Cooperstein - 1 - Section 10.1 - PART 1 ....png
95.2 KB · Views: 548
• Cooperstein - 2 - Section 10.1 - PART 2 ....png
89.9 KB · Views: 524
• Cooperstein - 3 - Section 10.1 - PART 3 ....png
63 KB · Views: 536
• Cooperstein - 4 - Section 10.1 - PART 4 ....png
81.7 KB · Views: 563

andrewkirk
Homework Helper
Gold Member
Good morning Peter. Your analysis looks good, with the minor exception that where you write:
If we then identify ##c_i \chi_{x_i}## with ##x_i## we can .....
I think you meant
If we then identify ##\chi_{x_i}## with ##x_i## we can .....
Also, this
##c_1 \chi_{x_1} + c_2 \chi_{x_2} + \ ... \ ... \ + c_n \chi_{x_n}##...................(1)
seems to imply that infinite sums are permissible and they are not (in this context).

You have asked what the elements of ##Z## are. But the attached text does not give a definition of ##Z##. All we know is that it is a superset of ##Z'##.
Nevertheless, I would guess, since ##Z## appears to be larger than ##Z'##, that it is the set of all finite sums of maps ##\chi_v## where ##v\in V##.
That is:

$$Z\equiv\{\sum_{k=1}^ma_k\chi_{u_k}\ :\ \forall k\ a_k\in\mathbb{F}\wedge u_k\in X\}$$

then we can see how ##Z'## is a subspace of this, because its definition is exactly the same, except that we replace ##X## by the subset ##X'##.

Math Amateur