What Are the Key Symmetries and Degeneracies in Lattice Structures?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion focuses on the symmetries present in lattice structures, particularly in a 2D square lattice. Participants explore various types of symmetries that contribute to degeneracies in the system, including translational symmetry, reflection symmetries, rotation symmetries, and inversion.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant identifies translational symmetry as a key feature of a homogeneous lattice and asks about other symmetries responsible for degeneracies.
  • Another participant lists inversion, three reflection symmetries, and a four-fold rotation symmetry as present in a 2D square lattice, noting that these symmetries can lead to degeneracies of atomic orbitals.
  • A question is raised regarding the identification of the four rotation axes, with a participant seeking clarification on the nature of inversion and its relation to reflections.
  • A clarification is provided that a four-fold rotation axis allows for rotations in steps of 90 degrees, and that translational symmetry is compatible with specific rotation axes.
  • Participants discuss the number of reflection planes, with one asserting there are four: two diagonal, one vertical, and one horizontal.
  • Agreement is reached on the existence of four reflection planes in the lattice structure.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants generally agree on the presence of four reflection planes in the lattice structure. However, there is some uncertainty regarding the classification of inversion and its distinction from reflection symmetries, as well as the specific identification of rotation axes.

Contextual Notes

Some assumptions about the nature of the lattice and the definitions of symmetry operations may not be fully articulated, leading to potential ambiguities in the discussion.

Niles
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Hi all

What symmetries are there usually in a lattice? Let us say for example that I look at a lattice having the form (each "x" is an atom)

x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x


Of course there is translational symmetry (assuming homogeneous system). But what other symmetries are usually responsible for degeneracies?
 
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If this is a 2D square lattice, you have inversion, three reflection symmetries, and a four fold rotation symmetry. Say if each atom has p orbitals on it, then px and py will be equivalent, because you have at least one symmetry operation that maps px onto py. In this case it's the 4 fold rotation, or the reflection through the [110] axis. This will make px and py degenerate.
 
The three reflections are longitudinal, horizontal and diagonal, right?
The four rotations are longitudinal, horizontal, diagonal and what is the fourth?

I can't see what you mean by inversion - isn't that included in the reflections?
 
A 4 fold rotation axis means you have an axis where you can rotate the system in steps of 360/4 degrees. Translational symmetry is compatible only with 2, 3, 4, and 6 fold rotation axes.

You are correct about the three reflection planes. And inversion in this case is the composite of the horizontal and vertical reflections. But they are distinct symmetry operations, and not every crystal which has inversion will have the other reflections.
 
kanato said:
You are correct about the three reflection planes.

By the way, aren't there four? Two diagonals, one vertical and one horizontal.
 
Yes, that's right, there should be four.
 

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