What causes Venus to be hotter than Mercury despite being farther from the Sun?

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Venus is hotter than Mercury due to its dense atmosphere, which creates a strong greenhouse effect that traps heat. The discussion highlights the role of electromagnetic waves, noting that their behavior changes in denser mediums, leading to increased refraction and internal reflection within Venus' atmosphere. The absorption of specific wavelengths by atmospheric compounds contributes to this phenomenon. Comparisons are made between the atmospheric compositions of Venus and Earth, emphasizing their impact on temperature. Overall, the greenhouse effect is identified as a key factor in Venus' extreme heat.
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The dense atmosphere on the planet Venus makes Venus the hottest planet in the solar system, even hotter than Mercury the closest planet to the Sun. suggest an explanation for this anomaly that involves the electromagnetic spectrum.

- Electromagnetic waves travel slower in denser mediums, and also there will be more refraction and chances of total internal reflection increases the EM waves within the atmosphere at one time.
 
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What does the peak wavelenght of a black body depend on?
Think of the peak wavelengths emitted by a star and a planet.
What wavelengths get absorbed by an atmosphere?
 
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It may also be an idea to consider how Venus' atmosphere differs to Earth (by compound).
 
I was pretty sure it had to do with the greenhouse effect.
 

Thread 'Magnitude of buoyant force in fluids of different densities'

The book claims the answer is that all the magnitudes are the same because "the gravitational force on the penguin is the same". I'm having trouble understanding this. I thought the buoyant force was equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. Weight depends on mass which depends on density. Therefore, due to the differing densities the buoyant force will be different in each case? Is this incorrect?
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