What Does 158 A*GeV/c in Pb + Pb Collisions Indicate?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers around the interpretation of the beam momentum of 158 A*GeV/c in lead-lead (Pb + Pb) collisions at the SPS accelerator at CERN. Participants explore the implications of this momentum in the context of nuclear physics, particularly regarding the energy per nucleon and the historical context of SPS energy levels.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested
  • Historical

Main Points Raised

  • One participant inquires whether the momentum of 158 A*GeV/c should be divided by the nuclear mass number A to find the momentum of individual nucleons.
  • Another participant asserts that 158 GeV/c refers to the energy per nucleon.
  • A subsequent post questions if the SPS can achieve 400 GeV, suggesting this is also per nucleon.
  • One participant explains that the radius of curvature of a charged particle's orbit remains consistent whether alone or within a nucleus, relating this to the SPS's capability to accelerate protons and nuclei.
  • Another participant challenges the 400 GeV figure, stating that the SPS now provides proton beams at 450 GeV, referencing the LHC's energy levels for lead and proton collisions.
  • A participant agrees with the updated energy figure but notes that the experiment discussed in the article occurred in 2000, when the SPS likely operated at 400 GeV.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the current and historical energy levels of the SPS, with some asserting that the SPS has been upgraded to 450 GeV while others maintain that the article refers to an earlier operational state at 400 GeV. There is no consensus on the implications of the beam momentum in relation to individual nucleons.

Contextual Notes

The discussion reflects uncertainty regarding the historical context of SPS energy levels and the implications of beam momentum per nucleon. There are unresolved questions about the accuracy of energy figures and their relevance to the specific experiment discussed.

Waxbear
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I have an exam in introductory nuclear physics coming up in 2 days. I am supposed to present an article which i have already drawn. The article is about heavy ion collisions in the SPS accelerator at CERN. They keep mentioning that the experiment uses Pb + Pb collisions at 158 A*Gev/c beam momentum. Does this mean that i have to divide by the nuclear mass number A, to get the momentum of individual nucleons?
 
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It means 158 GeV/c per nucleon.
 
Bill_K said:
It means 158 GeV/c per nucleon.

Okay. But according to Cern, the SPS is capable of beam energies of 400 Gev. I guess this is also pr nucleon then?
 
In a given magnetic field, the radius of curvature of the orbit of a singly charged particle is the same whether it's by itself or in a nucleus. So from what you say, the SPS can accelerate a single proton to 400 GeV, or a nucleus containing Z protons to 400 GeV per Z. For Pb-209, the ratio Z/A = 82/209 = 0.39, so 400 GeV per Z works out to 158 GeV per A.
 
Bill_K said:
In a given magnetic field, the radius of curvature of the orbit of a singly charged particle is the same whether it's by itself or in a nucleus. So from what you say, the SPS can accelerate a single proton to 400 GeV, or a nucleus containing Z protons to 400 GeV per Z. For Pb-209, the ratio Z/A = 82/209 = 0.39, so 400 GeV per Z works out to 158 GeV per A.

Ah, well that certainly explains it. Beautiful how the max energy of the sps works out to be exactly the energy mentioned in the article. Thank you for your help Bill!
 
I think your number of 400 GeV is outdated. As preaccelerator for the LHC, the SPS provides proton beams with 450 GeV.

The LHC has a similar ratio for proton proton and lead lead mode: 3.5 TeV protons and 1.38A TeV lead (corresponds to 3.517 TeV per charge) in 2011.
 
mfb said:
I think your number of 400 GeV is outdated. As preaccelerator for the LHC, the SPS provides proton beams with 450 GeV.

The LHC has a similar ratio for proton proton and lead lead mode: 3.5 TeV protons and 1.38A TeV lead (corresponds to 3.517 TeV per charge) in 2011.

I think you're right. But i think the SPS was upgraded from 400 Gev to 450 Gev when it was to be used as a pre-accelerator for the LHC. The experiment from my article was done way back in 2000, when the SPS was probably still operating at 400 Gev.
 

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