I What is the origin of spatial inhomogeneities in the Universe?

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The discussion centers on the origin of spatial inhomogeneities in the universe, highlighting the role of the inflaton field during inflation. Initially, fields existed in a vacuum state with only virtual particles, while the inflaton field was not in this state. As the inflaton approached its potential energy minimum, it fluctuated, leading to variations in field values across space. This fluctuation resulted in different densities of particles after the rapid reheating process at the end of inflation, rather than a continuous energy transfer to other fields. The key takeaway is that reheating occurs rapidly at the end of inflation, creating the inhomogeneities observed in the universe today.
sergiokapone
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We get the following picture of the formation of inhomogeneities:

Initially, all eternally existing fields (possibly fermionic-lepton-quark-DM-field and GUT-field) lived in a vacuum state --- no real particles (only virtual ones), just fluctuated (##\left\langle\Delta E\right\rangle = 0##, ##\left\langle\Delta E^2\right\rangle \neq 0## ). And there was an inflaton, far from being in a vacuum state (why would? Others in a vacuum). Passing into a vacuum state (slowly sliding down as Linde wants), the inflaton transferred energy to the fields (somehow excited them) and born particles clumbs in places of fluctuation, but still expanding along the way - these clumps of real particles were stretched, but new clumps still continued to be born in those places where the fields fluctuated with the extraction of energy from the inflaton. We obtained nonzero ##\Delta\rho/\rho## at different scales, and it was these inhomogeneities in real particles in space (not virtual) that were further condensed due to gravity into clusters, galaxies, stars ...? So I understand?
 
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I don't think it's a matter of the inflaton transferring energy to other fields. The energy in other fields was driven rapidly to zero by inflation. Rather, as the universe expanded and the inflaton approached its potential energy minimum, the value of the inflaton field itself fluctuated, descending slightly faster in some regions than in others.

When it reached its minimum, the inflaton field decayed rapidly into standard model particles (reheating). The very slight differences in the field value from place to place due to the initial fuctuations result in different densities once reheating is finished.
 
kimbyd said:
I don't think it's a matter of the inflaton transferring energy to other fields.
At the end of inflation, it is, as you say later in your post:

kimbyd said:
When it reached its minimum, the inflaton field decayed rapidly into standard model particles (reheating)
I think the key thing the OP appears not to have grasped here is that reheating is not a continuous process that goes on during inflation; it is a very rapid process that happens at the end of inflation.
 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology) Was a matter density right after the decoupling low enough to consider the vacuum as the actual vacuum, and not the medium through which the light propagates with the speed lower than ##({\epsilon_0\mu_0})^{-1/2}##? I'm asking this in context of the calculation of the observable universe radius, where the time integral of the inverse of the scale factor is multiplied by the constant speed of light ##c##.
The formal paper is here. The Rutgers University news has published a story about an image being closely examined at their New Brunswick campus. Here is an excerpt: Computer modeling of the gravitational lens by Keeton and Eid showed that the four visible foreground galaxies causing the gravitational bending couldn’t explain the details of the five-image pattern. Only with the addition of a large, invisible mass, in this case, a dark matter halo, could the model match the observations...
Hi, I’m pretty new to cosmology and I’m trying to get my head around the Big Bang and the potential infinite extent of the universe as a whole. There’s lots of misleading info out there but this forum and a few others have helped me and I just wanted to check I have the right idea. The Big Bang was the creation of space and time. At this instant t=0 space was infinite in size but the scale factor was zero. I’m picturing it (hopefully correctly) like an excel spreadsheet with infinite...

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