Why do LEDs in a circuit need resistors in series?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers around the necessity of using resistors in series with LEDs in a circuit, particularly in the context of using Arduino. Participants explore whether a single resistor can be used for multiple LEDs or if separate resistors are required for each LED to ensure consistent brightness and prevent issues related to varying forward voltages.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant notes that while a resistor is needed to limit current, it is unclear why separate resistors are commonly used for each LED, suggesting that a single resistor might suffice.
  • Another participant explains that if multiple diodes are connected in parallel with a single resistor, differing forward voltages can lead to uneven brightness and potential runaway current in the lower voltage diodes.
  • A different viewpoint suggests that well-matched LEDs can be connected with a single resistor or current driver, but general batches of LEDs may not be well-matched, leading to only a few being at full brightness.
  • One participant emphasizes that the voltage seen by the LEDs would vary based on how many are lit, indicating that each LED should receive the necessary voltage regardless of the state of others.
  • Another participant concurs that using well-matched LEDs in series may be practical, but parallel connections could lead to issues.
  • A later reply expresses a desire to understand the reasoning behind the use of resistors rather than simply accepting it as a solution.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants generally agree that separate resistors are preferable for most cases, particularly with mismatched LEDs, but there is some discussion about the conditions under which a single resistor might be acceptable. The discussion remains unresolved regarding the best practices for different types of LED circuits.

Contextual Notes

Participants mention that the performance of LEDs can depend on their matching and the specific circuit configuration, indicating that assumptions about uniformity and voltage distribution may not hold in all scenarios.

Borek
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I am playing with Arduino and LEDs at the moment. LED needs a resistor to limit current, that's clear. However, all examples I see use separate resistor for each diode. As far as I can tell electrically (in terms of limiting current) it shouldn't matter much whether we use single resistor for all LEDs, or separate resistor for each one (see the picture). I already tried to discuss it with a friend of mine, and he told me it is better to use separate resistors, but TBH his explanation (different diodes may have different forward voltages, if they are connected through a single resistor they can have different brightness) wasn't convincing.

So, is there a reason why we use multiple resistors?
diody_rezystory.jpg
 
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You can model a diode as a voltage source (the forward voltage) and a very small resistance in series with the source.

You're friend is right. If you put all the diodes in parallel then they must have the same applied voltage. If the built-in voltages are slightly different among the diodes then the lower ones will have to draw more current across their internal resistance to account for the applied voltage.

You can even have a runaway current. The diode that draws the most current gets warmer which lowers its resistance. That makes it draw more current which makes it even warmer and so on.
 
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If the LEDs are very well matched, then you can use one resistor (or current driver circuit). But for general batches of jellybean LEDs you get from the local electronics supply, they are not well matched, so only 1 or 2 out of the several hooked in parallel to a single resistor will be full brightness. The others will be dimmer. So for jellybean LEDs, it's best to use separate resistors.

Better LEDs like the ones used in LED lightiing fixtures are well-matched so they can be connected in series or parallel and have the same brightness.

EDIT -- beaten out by Aaron! :smile:
 
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Because the voltage seen by the LEDs would vary depending on whether 1, 2, or 3 are lit. You want each LED to get all the voltage it needs no matter what the other LED are doing.
 
Aaron Crowl said:
You can even have a runaway current.
That's a good point. So it may only be practical to connect well-matched LEDs in series, not in parallel.
 
OK, you have convinced me :wink:

No, seriously, it is not that I didn't believe, it is that I want to understand why instead of just parroting the solution. And I think I get it now.

Yesterday I managed to measure the PWM from my model receiver, tonight I plan to do the same, just displaying the result using a shift register. Eventually I want to show the pulse width on a display (that I don't have yet) though.

 
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anorlunda said:
Because the voltage seen by the LEDs would vary depending on whether 1, 2, or 3 are lit. You want each LED to get all the voltage it needs no matter what the other LED are doing.

Is this why it's necessary for LEDs in a circuit to have resistors in series? The answer to this probably depends upon the type of circuit. This is the circuit I'm referring to on a breadboard:

 

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