Why is 10^-36 seconds considered the starting point of inflation?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers on the reasoning behind the specific time of approximately 10^{-36} seconds as the starting point of cosmic inflation, particularly in relation to the grand unification epoch. It explores theoretical implications, models, and conditions surrounding inflation, including its relationship with grand unification theories (GUTs) and the consequences for cosmic structures.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions why inflation is believed to start at 10^{-36} seconds, suggesting that any time after Planck time could suffice.
  • Another participant explains that inflation models typically rely on GUTs, which are thought to spontaneously break around 10^{15} GeV, correlating with 10^{-36} seconds.
  • It is noted that if inflation occurs before GUT symmetry breaking, it does not address the monopole problem, as magnetic monopoles would be expected to be present.
  • Conversely, if inflation starts too late after GUT symmetry breaking, it could interfere with baryogenesis, as necessary interactions may not be available at lower energy scales.
  • A later contribution discusses specific inflationary models, indicating that a free inflaton field with a potential of V ∼ φ² can produce density perturbations consistent with observations if the energy density is around (10^{15} GeV)⁴.
  • Another participant suggests that 10^{-36} seconds serves as a lower bound for the period of expansion required to achieve the current flatness of the universe.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the implications of the timing of inflation, particularly regarding its relationship to GUTs and the consequences for cosmic phenomena. There is no consensus on the necessity of the 10^{-36} second mark, as various conditions and models are discussed.

Contextual Notes

The discussion highlights assumptions related to GUTs, the monopole problem, and baryogenesis, which may not be universally accepted or resolved within the current framework of inflationary theory.

zeebo17
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I've seen in many places that inflation is believed to begin around [tex]10^{-36}[/tex] s corresponding to the end of the grand unification epoch. Why do we believe that this is the time that it started? Isn't the only requirement that it start sometime after Planck time [tex]10^{-44}[/tex] s?

Thanks!
 
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I'm not an expert on inflation, but here's my understanding.

Inflation models assume some kind of GUT (perhaps a variation of SU(5)) which is spontaneously broken around 10^15 GeV, which corresponds to 10^-36 s.

If inflation occurs before GUT symmetry breaking, it does not solve the monopole problem (we should see lots of magnetic monopoles but we don't).

If inflation occurs too late after GUT symmetry breaking, we have a problem of baryogenesis. Baryogenesis requires the availability of baryon number changing interactions, we know that there aren't any in the explored region of energies, but most GUTs allow such process near GUT scale. Problem is, inflation wipes any traces of baryogenesis that occurs before its onset, just as it scatters magnetic monopoles.

Therefore the solution is to have inflation right around the GUT scale, it spreads out magnetic monopoles sufficiently to make them virtually unobservable, and then, when inflation is over, the system experiences reheating and gets close enough to the GUT scale again to generate baryons.
 
You can also fix the energy scale on some specific inflationary models. For example, a free inflaton field [tex]V \sim \phi^2[/tex] produces density perturbations of the order of [tex]\delta \rho / \rho \sim 10^{-5}[/tex] (which is what we observe from the CMB) if and only if the energy density of the field is approximately [tex](10^{15} \mathrm{GeV})^4[/tex].
 
Only a certain period of expansion is required to flatten the universe to the present degree, so my understanding is that 10^-36 is a lower bound on the period
 

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