UltrafastPED said:Does this help: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductance_quantum
Quantization of conductance only applies in special circumstances.
Conductance quantization is the phenomenon where the conductance of a material is found to have discrete, or quantized, values rather than a continuous range of values. This is observed in certain materials at very low temperatures.
The quantization of conductance is dependent on the electronic properties of a material. Specifically, it is observed in materials that have a low dimensional structure, such as thin films or nanowires, where the electrons are confined to a smaller space and exhibit more discrete energy levels.
The quantum Hall effect is a related phenomenon that occurs in two-dimensional materials at very low temperatures and high magnetic fields. It is characterized by the quantization of the Hall conductance, which is directly related to the quantization of the longitudinal conductance.
The quantization of conductance has important implications for nanoelectronics and quantum computing. It allows for the precise control and manipulation of electrons at the nanoscale, which is crucial for the development of advanced electronic devices and technologies.
No, conductance quantization is typically only observed at very low temperatures, usually in the range of a few Kelvin. At room temperature, thermal energy disrupts the quantized behavior of electrons and causes the conductance to become continuous rather than discrete.