Why Is the d Shell Filled Before s in Certain Transition Metals?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the electron configurations of transition metals, specifically addressing why the d shell can be filled before the s shell in certain cases. The scope includes theoretical considerations related to electron configuration principles and their exceptions in transition metals.

Discussion Character

  • Homework-related
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions the filling order of electron shells, suggesting that the s shell should be filled before the d shell in period 4.
  • Another participant explains that some electron configurations deviate from the aufbau principle due to stability considerations, noting that in copper, an electron from the 4s sublevel promotes to the 3d sublevel to achieve a filled d sublevel.
  • A participant seeks clarification on whether the discussion pertains to a specific area within transition metals.
  • It is noted that irregularities in the aufbau principle occur in the 5th to 11th columns of the periodic table, affecting most transition metals, with examples provided such as Ni, Pd, and Pt.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the filling order of electron shells, with some acknowledging the exceptions to the aufbau principle while others remain uncertain about the specific areas of application within transition metals.

Contextual Notes

There are no strict rules governing the filling of d and s electrons in transition metals, and the discussion highlights the complexity and variability in electron configurations.

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Homework Statement


The metal with the electron shell configuration of [Ar] 3d10 s1 is

A. Cu
B. Ag
C. Au
D. Zn
E. Al

Homework Equations


-[/B]

The Attempt at a Solution


I don't really know how because shouldn't the s shell be filled before the d shell in period 4?

Thanks!
 
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Some electron configurations differ from those assigned using the aufbau principle because half filled sublevels are not as stable as filled sublevels but are more stable than other electron configuration. For example in copper, the 4s electron promotes itself to the 3d sublevel. Originally, the 3d sublevel would have 9 electrons, making it a partially filled d sublevel. If the 4s electron promotes itself to the 3d sublevel, the 3d sublevel would then be completely filled and the 4s sublevel half filled.
 
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Thanks, is this for a specific area on the transition metals or is there no specific area?
 
Irregularities to the Aufbau principle for d and s electrons occur in the 5th to 11th columns of the periodic table, so it covers most transition metals. Note that there are no strict rules there either, for instance:
Ni: 3d8 4s2
Pd: 4d10
Pt: 5d9 6s1
 
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