Yershov's Preon Theory & Bilson-Thompson & LQG & mass prediction

[bananan]

hi Vlad,
I don't mind at all. Actually that paper by Singh
http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0506129
http://www.gravity.psu.edu/news/physicsweb.pdf

shows that loop quantum gravity avoids naked
singularities (His paper is much in the manner that
Planck's use of h avoids the ultralight catastrophe -
by quantizing general relativity as discrete) by
radiating away energies (which could be observed by an
astrophysicist) since spacetime is itself quantized
(and gravity becomes repulsive in LQG at
planck-scales) so maybe LQG goes in the opposite
direction of your research? Big Bang singularities are
also avoided by LQG. Perhaps string theory would be a
better fit? I'm aware that your preon theory is modeled after naked singularities in general relativity.

Personally if astronomy/astrophysics can verify Sing's
prediction, (A collapsing star of sufficient mass
would give off enough energy in a short time span to
prevent naked singularities from forming) I think a
Nobel prize would be in order.

Dan

 

[bananan]

hi Vlad,
I don't mind at all. Actually that paper by Singh
http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0506129
http://www.gravity.psu.edu/news/physicsweb.pdf

shows that loop quantum gravity avoids naked
singularities (His paper is much in the manner that
Planck's use of h avoids the ultralight catastrophe -
by quantizing general relativity as discrete) by
radiating away energies (which could be observed by an
astrophysicist) since spacetime is itself quantized
(and gravity becomes repulsive in LQG at
planck-scales) so maybe LQG goes in the opposite
direction of your research? Big Bang singularities are
also avoided by LQG. Perhaps string theory would be a
better fit? I'm aware that your preon theory is modeled after naked singularities in general relativity.

Personally if astronomy/astrophysics can verify Sing's
prediction, (A collapsing star of sufficient mass
would give off enough energy in a short time span to
prevent naked singularities from forming) I think a
Nobel prize would be in order.

Dan

Hi Dan
It seems that gamma-ray bursts are exactly such
collapsing stars that give off a huge amount of energy
in a few dozens of seconds. So I think that Singh was
targeting these objects by his paper.

If I have understood correctly his idea, to avoid naked
singularities he shifts the singularity formation
to infinity. So, a collapsing object simply fading
away and never reaches the theoretical (ideal) state
of singularity.

But Singh is dealing with normal objects, like stars.
What I propose is to extrapolate his idea to the particle
domain. Since a "blackhole" object can be of any - even
infinitely small - mass, the basic (primitive) particle
could be viewed as Singh's object of null mass already
shifted almost to infinity. Then we would perceive
it as a very stable spherically symmetric particle.
If, in addition, it could be possible to demonstrate
that such an object can interact with other similar
objects and that, say, LQG endues its field with the
SU(3)/U(1)-kind of symmetry, then we would get
the whole bunch of elementary particles.

The repulsive character of gravity on the Planck scale
is very much welcomed by my model because repulsion
is needed to stabilise particle structures. Without it my
model simply does not work. So, for the time being,
I don't see LQG going in the opposite direction.

Regards,

Vladimir

 

[nnunn]

Dear Vladimir,

A couple more observations: your open and closed chains of clusters of primitive particles do remind one of open and closed strings; but whereas string theory conjures a necessary complexity from compactified dimensions, you get it from your well crafted configurations. Which brings us to the question of distinguishing your primitive particle from the space in which it performs.

In addition, the fact that the simplest object in my model has some properties suggests that there is something that give rise to these properties. That is, there must be even a lower than lower level of reality. The simplest object is such in the sense of its structure, not of its properties. Perhaps it is here where the domain of LQG begins because the properties of the simplest object could be determined by the underlying behaviour of the manifold. If, for instance, it were possible to demonstrate that spin networks could result in a naked singularity object with chromoelectric-like field, then the rest would be easy and the entire particle diversity could emerge automatically.

So the simplest (truly ultimatonic) object will not be deriving properties from components. Might we allow it to have two simple properties: some quantum of energy, and spin (hence orientation)? If so, and if this base object could be said not to enclose any space, then its density may indeed appear singular. Also, if chromacity were a function of tripolar orientation relative to some background brane, might these basic properties be sufficient foundation for the hierarchy?

Wrt quantised space and gravity, do you envisage that first most primitive (ultimatonic) particle as being some external intrusion of energy, distinct from space, or some qualified unit of space--a vortex in the manifold? Hence, as your clusters of primitive particles move about, taking with them their properties (e.g. spin, chromacity, charge, mass), will they also take "their space" as another property?

even more intrigued,
Nigel

 

[bananan]

Originally Posted by Vladimir:



Dear Nigel,

So the simplest (truly ultimatonic) object will not be deriving properties from components. Might we allow it to have two simple properties: some quantum of energy, and spin (hence orientation)? If so, and if this base object could be said not to enclose any space, then its density may indeed appear singular. Also, if chromacity were a function of tripolar orientation relative to some background brane, might these basic properties be sufficient foundation for the hierarchy?

I have already noted somewhere that the basic property sufficient for deriving the entire particle hierarchy is chromaticism - not spin. A quantum of energy is, of course, also needed, but the fact that this object does not enclose any volume in space does not necessarily mean a singularity. The basic particle is an extended object, actually occupying all the available space. No singularity is foreseen because the manifold does not change density when changing its shape.

Wrt quantised space and gravity, do you envisage that first most primitive (ultimatonic) particle as being some external intrusion of energy, distinct from space, or some qualified unit of space--a vortex in the manifold?

Very closely, indeed! For example, if we take a continuous (not yet quantised) entity, like a manifold, the first most natural quantised entity on this manifold would be a vortex. Actually, the study of vortices in liquid helium-4 is highly respectable in condensed matter physics and has a lot of links to cosmology (for a review see, e.g., http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9411342 ). In those models vortices are usually regarded as topological defects (like cosmic strings). Spherically symmetric vortices could be viewed as our primitive particles. They are rather localised eigenstates of the manifold and their parameters are entirely determined by the properties of this manifold (roughly speaking, the properties of the universe are hardwired in these particles, so all of them look exactly the same).

Hence, as your clusters of primitive particles move about, taking with them their properties (e.g. spin, chromacity, charge, mass), will they also take "their space" as another property?

No, I don't think they can carry space behind them because the most appropriate mathematics for describing their motions would be that of autosolitons, which are known to propagate and interact with each other obeying the energy and momentum conservation laws - like particles. But actually they are waves, which means that they do not carry medium with them. Of course, they do carry energy, which could be regarded as carrying mass and charge (the chromoelectric charge). As for the spin property, on this level introducing this notion is not yet needed - it will automatically appear on a higher structural level.

You have mentioned the similarity between the open and closed preon strings in my model with those from string theory. This is unavoidable because any physical model having atoms, molecules or any other entities grouping in chains would have something in common with string theory (the chains would oscillate implying the corresponding stringy mathematics). In fact, I think that many years ago string theory itself appeared because it was noticed that some particle properties could be described by using stringy mathematics. However, strings in string theory are objects whose origin is not properly explained. If they are believed to be topological dislocations of space, then why not to start with the simplest possible such dislocation - the spherically symmetric one? This would considerably reduce the number of possibilities, compared to the huge number of different vacua string theorists face with.

Regards,

Vladimir

 

[nnunn]

Dear Vladimir,

In http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0207120, (v.9) you mention the desirability of the universe not having an outside as well as an inside,

"More convenient would be a manifold with a unique hyper-surface, such as the Klein-bottle"

and that everything measurable is, in some sense, rotating:

"It comes from the common fact that so far non-rotating objects have never been observed."

Your suggestions of (1) "Klein-bottle" topology, (2) the relationship between cosmological and "unification" scales, (3) the idea of mass arising from accelerations relative to an embedding space, and (4) etc., create a rich context in which to place the hierarchy generated by the interactions of your primitive particles. And when we add the fact that your model so neatly predicts masses for the three generations of particles, it is clear you have given us much food for thought. Which makes me wonder: what are your colleagues and critics saying about all this? Is the spectacular alignment, of your model's predictions with measurable reality, creating a stir?

Returning to properties for primitive particles, you wrote:

I have already noted somewhere that the basic property sufficient for deriving the entire particle hierarchy is chromaticism - not spin. A quantum of energy is, of course, also needed, but the fact that this object does not enclose any volume in space does not necessarily mean a singularity. The basic particle is an extended object, actually occupying all the available space. No singularity is foreseen because the manifold does not change density when changing its shape.

Is this touching the issue of distinguishing that first most primitive (ultimatonic) particle from the space in which it performs? If so, are you favoring the idea that the ultimatonic particle is a localized "change of shape" in the manifold, rather than some intruding entity imposing "local changes of shape" upon the manifold? Is this the place where LQG slips into the mix?

In response to my question: "Wrt quantised space and gravity, do you envisage that first most primitive (ultimatonic) particle as being some external intrusion of energy, distinct from space, or some qualified unit of space--a vortex in the manifold?", you wrote:

Very closely, indeed! For example, if we take a continuous (not yet quantised) entity, like a manifold, the first most natural quantised entity on this manifold would be a vortex. Actually, the study of vortices in liquid helium-4 is highly respectable in condensed matter physics and has a lot of links to cosmology (for a review see, e.g., http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9411342 ). In those models vortices are usually regarded as topological defects (like cosmic strings). Spherically symmetric vortices could be viewed as our primitive particles. They are rather localised eigenstates of the manifold and their parameters are entirely determined by the properties of this manifold (roughly speaking, the properties of the universe are hardwired in these particles, so all of them look exactly the same).

Ok, primitive particles as vortices. But I need to reflect on "spherical symmetry"...

No, I don't think they can carry space behind them because the most appropriate mathematics for describing their motions would be that of autosolitons, which are known to propagate and interact with each other obeying the energy and momentum conservation laws - like particles. But actually they are waves, which means that they do not carry medium with them. Of course, they do carry energy, which could be regarded as carrying mass and charge (the chromoelectric charge). As for the spin property, on this level introducing this notion is not yet needed - it will automatically appear on a higher structural level.

Mass and charge seem like elaborate properties for an ultimatonic particle. But if we allow them a vortex nature, then does this not imply some preferred "axis" of vorticity, hence an orientation? If we add here your idea of acceleration wrt an embedding space, perhaps even tossing in (rotating?) branes to allow spacelike directions orthogonal to the particle arena, might such oriented vortices naturally acquire the necessary "chromacity"? On first glance, this notion seems to sit well with your requirement that the first primitive particle has color charge and mass--both arising from (relative, symmetry-braking) velocities of oriented sequestered vortices?

thanks again!
Nigel

 

[vld]

what are your colleagues and critics saying about all this? Is the spectacular alignment, of your model's predictions with measurable reality, creating a stir?

Dear Nigel,

Not at all. The problem is that my model falls beyond the limits of acceptability for high-energy physicists. For most of them it remains invisible because usually people ignore the things, which are known to be wrong beforehand. I consider this as a normal situation. It is common sense to trust our teachers. Particle physicists were (and are) taught that the only correct approach to particle physics is QFT, which is supported by historical experience and experiment. Any activity deviating from this approach would automatically fall out of circle of their interests. That is why I don't expect much attention to my model (at least, for the time being).

This model would be more inetersting for the non-linear physics community, whose language is more appropriate for describing my approach. But I believe this community is not concerned with particles, and they don't see my model either.

My colleagues with the background in particle physics spurn my model without even looking at it. By contrast, I have positive responses from my colleagues-astrophysicists. They grasp the main idea pretty quickly and are able to see how does it work, but having no expertise in particle physics they straddle the fence. I see a potentially vast field for research, but, for the time being, I have it for my own (at least, until the first results from LHC would encourage people to search for crazy ideas).

are you favoring the idea that the ultimatonic particle is a localized "change of shape" in the manifold, rather than some intruding entity imposing "local changes of shape" upon the manifold? Is this the place where LQG slips into the mix?

This is a tricky question (What came first, the chicken or the egg?) Of course, regarding the basic particle as a localised feature of the manifold implies identifying space and matter. But what about the possible cause for this change? Perhaps the stranghtforward answer to this question would be energy, which involves the notion of motion and an underlying layer of reality. But for a moment we can forget about this misterious layer and consider the basic particle's properties as being postulated, which would be enough for producing technical results. Perhaps LQG is capable of going deeper, deriving this properties from scratch - this is what I thought.

Ok, primitive particles as vortices. But I need to reflect on "spherical symmetry"...

This was also the first question posed by my celestial mechanics colleagues. They didn't have any problem with rotation, which is their speciality. They were mainly concerned with the rotational axis and with the vorticilty-related spherical symmetry. They thought that, when having something rotating, there must be a preferent direction (that is, a preferable frame of reference in the universe). This way of thinking might be related to the fact that we always deal with two-dimensional vortices. It is easy to visualise the symmetry of a two-dimensional vortex, in which case "spherical" would mean circular (1-sphere) symmetry. The axis of a two-dimensional vortex cannot be seen by those confined to a 2-manifold. By analogy, in the 3-manifold case we cannot easily visualise a 3-vortex or perceive its rotational axis. But (again by analogy) is not difficult to recognise the spherical symmetry of a 3-vortex.

if we allow them a vortex nature, then does this not imply some preferred "axis" of vorticity, hence an orientation?

You are right: rotation implies orientation, but in our case it has something to do with the embedding space. In a 3-space perhaps it is appropriate to describe this rotation in terms of colours.

Regards,

Vladimir

 

[nnunn]

Dear Vladimir,

You describe the academic chicken-and-egg problem very clearly.

This model would be more interesting for the non-linear physics community, whose language is more appropriate for describing my approach. But I believe this community is not concerned with particles, and they don't see my model either.

What might create a stir is to make a stable hydrogen atom from your model. As I understand it, this requires that your well-defined structure (an electron) can find a trajectory that allows it to orbit a well-defined nuclear structure (a proton) without the orbit decaying through radiative loss. QED predicts that, in this context, fluctuations in the electromagnetic vacuum (i.e. some zero-point on the local electromagnetic stage) must be accommodated. Could a stable orbit be modeled as one which has synchronized with certain frequencies of these fluctuations?

Is this the process by which nature drives the electron into quantized orbits? The following link proposes a framework that might be suitable: http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0501011. The following paper proposes some numerics: http://www.calphysics.org/articles/ColeHydrogenPRE.pdf

By contrast, I have positive responses from my colleagues-astrophysicists. They grasp the main idea pretty quickly and are able to see how does it work, but having no expertise in particle physics they straddle the fence. I see a potentially vast field for research, but, for the time being, I have it for my own (at least, until the first results from LHC would encourage people to search [beyond the Standard Model]).

Once we entertain an ultimatonic model such as yours, we bump into (many!) astrophysical side effects. For example, if the stability of electronic orbits were to depend upon synchronization with zero-point fluctuations, then atomic emission and absorption of photons becomes a function of the QED zero-point. Thus red-shifting of spectra from cosmological distances may not be a mere distance indicator, but also a kind of barometer for the stage (brane?) upon which electromagnetic phenomena are sequestered.

If we likewise model the lower level interactions of your primitive particles to be subject to zero-points of the weak and color fields, we get QCD for free.

Getting back to the manifold,

Of course, regarding the basic particle as a localised feature of the manifold implies identifying space and matter. But what about the possible cause for this change? Perhaps the straightforward answer to this question would be energy, which involves the notion of motion and an underlying layer of reality. But for a moment we can forget about this mysterious layer and consider the basic particle's properties as being postulated, which would be enough for producing technical results. Perhaps LQG is capable of going deeper, deriving this properties from scratch - this is what I thought.

I'm tempted to toss in Randall-Sundrum branes at this point: let those branes that relax to 3 spatial dimensions be in (rotational) motion with respect to...

This was also the first question posed by my celestial mechanics colleagues. They didn't have any problem with rotation, which is their speciality. They were mainly concerned with the rotational axis and with the vorticilty-related spherical symmetry. They thought that, when having something rotating, there must be a preferent direction (that is, a preferable frame of reference in the universe). This way of thinking might be related to the fact that we always deal with two-dimensional vortices. It is easy to visualise the symmetry of a two-dimensional vortex, in which case "spherical" would mean circular (1-sphere) symmetry. The axis of a two-dimensional vortex cannot be seen by those confined to a 2-manifold. By analogy, in the 3-manifold case we cannot easily visualise a 3-vortex or perceive its rotational axis. But (again by analogy) is not difficult to recognise the spherical symmetry of a 3-vortex.

Ahh, time to brush up my geometric algebra, and enter the state

You are right: rotation implies orientation, but in our case it has something to do with the embedding space. In a 3-space perhaps it is appropriate to describe this rotation in terms of colours.

Very neat! Game, set and match to Yershov?

thanks again,
Nigel

 

[vld]

Dear Nigel,

As I understand it, this requires that your well-defined structure (an electron) can find a trajectory that allows it to orbit a well-defined nuclear structure (a proton) without the orbit decaying through radiative loss. QED predicts that, in this context, fluctuations in the electromagnetic vacuum (i.e. some zero-point on the local electromagnetic stage) must be accommodated. Could a stable orbit be modeled as one which has synchronized with certain frequencies of these fluctuations?

I agree that making a stable hydrogen atom would be the second important step after getting a well-defined structure of the electron. But before doing this, a well-defined structure of the proton must be obtained. Just now I've got only a scheme, which is not published yet but will appear very soon (in a few weeks) in the book "Focus on Boson Research" edited by A.V.Ling in "Nova Publishers". My chapter is devoted to the structure of the W-boson as viewed within the framework of the colour-preon model. But I have also adventured to add a section about the proton structure as it follows from the logic of my model (this structure turns out to be unique). The same logic leads to a unique structure of the proton + electron system, as well as the proton + neutron and the great many of more complex structures, reproducing the whole diversity of nuclear isotopes. I hesitate publishing this result, firstly, because it is outrageously different from all the conventional and non-conventional models used in nuclear physics and, secondly, because I don't have quantitative results yet to present, although there are topological constraints on the possible variety of nuclear structures, matching exactly the chart of nuclides (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/). The simplest proton+electron system is also too far unconventional, so that I have to take a break and think a little bit about that.

Is this the process by which nature drives the electron into quantized orbits? The following link proposes a framework that might be suitable: http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0501011. The following paper proposes some numerics: http://www.calphysics.org/articles/ColeHydrogenPRE.pdf

Many thanks for these references. At a first glance they look pretty much in line with what I was arriving at when writing the paper about the electron structure (http://uk.arxiv.org/abs/physics/0603054.): I couldn't get rig of noise with zero-expectation value. I think I am going to read these papers more carefully.

Regards,

Vladimir

 

[vld]

Summarising

Once we entertain an ultimatonic model such as yours, we bump into (many!) astrophysical side effects.

Dear Nigel,

I have summarised our discussion here in a brief paper:

http://uk.arxiv.org/abs/physics/0702113

I was also inspired by Ashtekar's talk

https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=151429

and have written about the cosmological singularity in terms of my proposal.

Regards,

Vladimir

 

[nnunn]

Dear Vladimir,

Thank you for the summary, especially for your clear descriptions of (i) the relationship between particle and manifold; (ii) the source of forces {F1,F2}; and (iii) the reminder, that one must distinguish between the notions "blackhole" and "singularity".

As a student just getting started, it will take me a while to comprehend all the novel ideas presented in your recent work. But given that your proposed hierarchy of primitive particles reproduces the hierarchy we actually observe, and that your K3 (Kn?) topology avoids the need to renormalize fundamentals, such time will be well spent!

Following this precept, in this paper we shall assume that space is smooth and contains no regions with infinite curvature. In other words, we hypothesise that there should exist a natural upper bound to spacetime curvature, implying that infinite energies are not available in nature. Based on these premises, we shall outline a model of an object (primitive particle) whose intrinsic nature is related to such a maximal curvature. We shall indicate the cosmological problems, which could be addressed by this model and discuss some phenomenological implications.

A schematic diagram for the case of two like-charged (with inflows) primitive particles, σ_i and σ_j , of opposite vorticities is shown in Fig. 5a. In this case the force F1 between the streamlines is attractive and F2 is repulsive. In the reverse case, if the particles have like-vorticities (Fig. 5b), the force F1 is repulsive and F2 is attractive.

This accords with the known pattern of attraction and repulsion between colour charges [29]: two like-charged but unlike-coloured particles are attracted, otherwise they repel; so we can see that the colour pattern is readily understood in terms of flow vortices on a manifold with the T3 or K3 topology.

A couple of questions immediately come to mind; one to do with the source and sink of the vortices depicted in Fig. 5; another to do with precursors to galaxy formation... the weakness of "standard model gravity" vs. the potential of superfluid vortices; pruning away the need for big bangs & inflation while grafting deeper time than my textbooks allow. So, time to dive back into http://uk.arxiv.org/abs/physics/0702113 and follow the clues!

onwards,
Nigel

 

[nnunn]

Vladimir, a few more preliminary questions:

1. Motion:

If primitive particles are to be loci of maximal curvature of a spacetime manifold, realized as vortices mediating energy between (inner/outer?) regions of a Klein topology, how would you describe the motion of these loci through that very spacetime which they serve to curve, and of which they are made?


2. Maximal curvature:

Should we take this to mean that in certain circumstances, compact collections of primitive particles (e.g. astrophysical bodies condensed below their Schwarzschild radius) can resist further condensation, implying a mechanism by which such dark bodies might explode? Also, during the development of your model, I think you mentioned (hypothetical?) states where the centers of primitive particles coincide. Do you think your primitive particle could exhibit both behaviours, (i) a "BEC"-like state where the centers of multiple (many?) preons coincide, plus (ii) an ultimatonic "exclusion principle", along the lines of Pauli’s for half-integer spin particles? If so, would vortex chirality, and triad orientation, be involved?


3. Conservative flow:

Regarding the conservative flow mediated by a primitive particle (illustrated in figures 1-5 in the http://uk.arxiv.org/abs/physics/0702113"), could the medium that flows be distinguished from the manifold, i.e. a global attribute pervading the manifold rather than the manifold itself? E.g. some pervasive potential, introduced by some feature of the manifold’s cycling through its Klein topology? For practical purposes (e.g. numerical simulation), as a novice in numerics, I still try to reduce things to measurable states evolving on grids :shy:


4. Photons:

Given that your model successfully describes all particles in the lepton-quark domain as clusters of mutually attracting ultimatonic vortices, and that a fundamental chromacity and resultant forces are well defined within these clusters, how might you describe or measure interaction between these clusters? Specifically, how might you describe or measure a photon, hence the interaction of a photon with a cluster that represents an electron?

still feeling my way around the edges,
Nigel

 

[vld]

Nigel, first about your simple questions:

A couple of questions immediately come to mind; one to do with the source and sink of the vortices depicted in Fig. 5;

Do you think Fig.5 is confusing? Perhaps in the title to the picture I have to
explain that the "surface" corresponding to F_1 is actually at infinity. That
is why the vortices are shown joined together.

another to do with precursors to galaxy formation...

You are right: structure formation is one of the important questions for any
model of the universe. I should mention this in the next version of my text. Actually
structure formation is unavoidable in this kind of model because of the unstable
stationary point of the potential in the origin.

I'll try to answer your more difficult questions soon.

Regards,

Vladimir

 

[vld]

1. Motion:

If primitive particles are to be loci of maximal curvature of a spacetime manifold, realized as vortices mediating energy between (inner/outer?) regions of a Klein topology, how would you describe the motion of these loci through that very spacetime which they serve to curve, and of which they are made?

I don't see any problem here: their motions can be described in the same way as the motions of vortices in liquid helium (incidentally, in fluid dynamics similar vortices are also called "particles").

2. Maximal curvature:

Should we take this to mean that in certain circumstances, compact collections of primitive particles (e.g. astrophysical bodies condensed below their Schwarzschild radius) can resist further condensation, implying a mechanism by which such dark bodies might explode? Also, during the development of your model, I think you mentioned (hypothetical?) states where the centers of primitive particles coincide. Do you think your primitive particle could exhibit both behaviours, (i) a "BEC"-like state where the centers of multiple (many?) preons coincide, plus (ii) an ultimatonic "exclusion principle", along the lines of Pauli’s for half-integer spin particles? If so, would vortex chirality, and triad orientation, be involved?

This question cannot be answered before quantifying (within this framework) the strength of the gravitational interaction with respect to the chromoelectric forces. I think that, for the time being, when modelling a few-particle system it is possible to neglect the gravitational interaction as being much weaker compared to the other forces.

In a collapsing object there might be two possibilities: either the gravitational pressure exceeds the repulsive chromoelectric forces or not. In the first case the primitive particles would be squeezed to a state with their centres coinciding in the origin. In the second case they would likely to occupy the lowest possible energy state corresponding to the balance of all the forces involved.

There is no initial assumption of the exclusion principle or spins for the preons in this model because it is better to start with the smallest and simplest set of first principles. The Pauli exclusion principle arises afterwards - spontaneously, as a result of triads' (tripoles') orientations. Perhaps vorticity of the flow through a preon could be regarded as related to something resembling its spin but this property must be quite different from the conventional spin.

Therefore, the preon superposition state is possible. Nevertheless, I suspect that such a state might occur only if the entire universe collapses because, as a self-contained physical system, it must be balanced as to its gravitational energy content and the total energy of all of its constituents (looks like tautology, but it is unavoidable when trying to identify an entity to itself).

In any case, when a body is squeezed below its horizon its further structural transformations shouldn't result in energy release outside of this horizon. However, it is quite possible that a collapsing object disposes of a great amount of its mass before reaching the horizon, which might lead to oscillations of the horizon and observable peaks of emission corresponding to some of the phase transitions in the collapsing body. In fact, multiple peaks in the prompt emission of gamma-ray bursts might well be partly related to these phase transitions (although there are many models explaining these peaks by magnetic field reconnections, shock waves, etc., which are quite legitimate mechanisms for this variability).

3. Conservative flow:

Regarding the conservative flow mediated by a primitive particle (illustrated in figures 1-5 in the http://uk.arxiv.org/abs/physics/0702113"), could the medium that flows be distinguished from the manifold, i.e. a global attribute pervading the manifold rather than the manifold itself? E.g. some pervasive potential, introduced by some feature of the manifold’s cycling through its Klein topology? For practical purposes (e.g. numerical simulation), as a novice in numerics, I still try to reduce things to measurable states evolving on grids :shy:

This is an interesting question concerning the nature of space. As far as I know, fields, as well as space itself, are modeled by using mathematical tools developed in continuous medium mechanics. Even there exist physical models using liquid helium for simulating particles and their interactions.

In fact, the fields similar (by their functional form) to F_1 and F_2 can be obtained when renormalising the field of a point charge in a polarisable medium. The only problem with this medium is that you have to postulate the tripolarity of the field (which arises naturally in the framework of vortices). Nevertheless, none of these underlying physical features is needed for computer simulation of preon dynamics.

At the beginning one can straightforwardly use the standard integration technique and conventional forces, such as electrostatic, Lorentz and centrifugal (and, of course, the forces due to the colour interaction)

By writing a code with the following set of rules anyone can reproduce simple preon configurations and their dynamics:

1) The tripolar (colour) field:

F_1=exp(-1/r)

where r is the distance between two preons. The sign of this force must follow the known pattern of attraction/repulsion between colour charges (two like-charged but unlike coloured particles are attracted, otherwise they repel).

2) The electric field, which is the derivative of F_1:

F_2=(1/r^2)exp(-1/r)

with the conventional pattern of attraction and repulsion (two unlike charges attract each other; two like charges repel).

The charge and mass magnitudes are assumed to have unit values. Further exploration would require taking into account binding energies, the finite speed of interaction and maybe some other effects.

4. Photons:

Given that your model successfully describes all particles in the lepton-quark domain as clusters of mutually attracting ultimatonic vortices, and that a fundamental chromacity and resultant forces are well defined within these clusters, how might you describe or measure interaction between these clusters? Specifically, how might you describe or measure a photon, hence the interaction of a photon with a cluster that represents an electron?

I feel that modelling the interaction between the electron (nine-body preon cluster) and the photon (six-body cluster) is more difficult than between the electron and the electron-neutrino (thirty-six preon cluster) because in the latter case some simplifying assumptions are possible. The latter case would also yield more results, such as the derivation from first principles of the weak interaction constant and of the half-life of the W-boson, whereas the first case promises only the derivation of the fine structure constant.

 

[mikelawre]

Dear NNunn, your question

- Is this the process by which nature drives the electron into quantized orbits? Apologies that I have not yet managed to work out how to put this as a quotation.

I have an answer to this (although a bit late since 2006!). It is also part of a preon model, although different to Vladimir's. I will give a short outline of my model after explaining orbital quantization.

The key is understanding that both energy and force are vectors. Currently obviously it is thought that energy is scalar. This derives from the different formulae used for energy and force in, for example, classical orbital systems. However, the missing part is that in quantum systems, there are what I term 'aligned' spins systems. That is the alignment of the electrons is parallel in each case, although the spin orbits are not. The aligned spins give a second, equal, inertial energy in such systems and have repulsive potential which balances out the attractive gravitational potential, leaving only the charge potential. In the case of a classical gravitational interaction, the spins of all the component particles (in eg planets, stars etc) are not aligned. So there is only one inertial component. So the difference in energies between quantum and classical equations is that the former has two sets of inertial energies and the latter only one. And there will be a scale between 1 and 2 depending on how 'aligned' the system is. So when considering force and energy, they can now be interpreted as exactly the same, just differentiated by an extra distance factor. So the inertial energy is an outward energy and the potential energy is an inward energy. When the two balance, the orbital is stable and has zero energy. What is currently ascribed as the orbital energy is just one side of the energy. So when electrons skip from orbital to orbital, they are moving from zero energy state to zero energy state. And in the same orbital, they have no energy so can be anywhere in that orbital. So there is no time component within stable orbitals. So electrons (and any other particle systems with aligned spins) are driven into orbitals by the need to move to the lowest energy. That lowest energy, for all orbitals, is zero, but the preference again is to move to the smallest 'balloon' - is the lowest inertial or potential value available.
The following is a simple outline of my preon model. If you want to see the whole story - where mass comes from, colour, why relativity, K parity (not) breaking etc please see the file 'Underlying Nature of Mechanics and Matter' at www.pbtsm.co.uk

Ring Theory in a Nutshell

Assume the universe is composed only of Planck unit-sized volumes of nothing; but that each unit volume is separable into preon particle and anti-particle of equal and opposite Planck charges and Planck masses. Assume that like charges repel, unlike attract and that like masses attract and unlike chase to maintain separation and energy. Assume that as unit volumes are separated out, each preon starts spinning at the same rate.
Chasing will cause the formation of chains of alternating particle and anti-particle, each chasing the one in front and chased by the one behind. Chains will eventually form loops as heads catch tails. A loop of six is the strongest configuration, but loops of four will be formed more often and are dark matter to our normal 6-loop matter. Time starts when loops form and a loop of six is called a ring. Formation of rings at the Planck energy/Planck radius followed by physical interaction between rings could have expanded the rings to their present sizes very quickly, called inflation, without external motion of those rings.
If the orientation of the spinning axis of each preon is aligned with the chasing preon, there are only eight different electrostatic charge combinations possible for a ring of six preons when the preon spinning energy has a value of ± 1/6 qc3. The eight combinations represent the quarks and leptons. The rotational energy of the rings is currently called ‘spin ½ ‘ and is shown by the angular momentum h of each preon multiplied by the relativistic factor ½ , the ring frequency currently being ignored. The same internal energy is the ‘mass’ of the ring, being h multiplied by the frequency at which the ring rotates, less the rest mass energy, again giving ½ w. For each preon h = M v r inside the ring.
The constant ½ hq/(2p) is the same for all charged rings, due to charge and mass separately and shows that the muon and tau leptons are simply larger mass, smaller ring radius, electrons. The same is the case for families or ‘flavours’ of all rings.
The generation of magnetic moment due to both charge and mass enables a simple framework for the respective masses and magnetic moments of the proton and neutron.
The positioning of ± 1/6 q charges within the rings leads to symmetries. All charged leptons and some neutrinos are symmetric or ‘colourless’. All other rings are asymmetric, mostly with 3 and 2 fold asymmetries ie have ‘colour’. Stacking rings can balances out asymmetries between some rings, giving rise to 2 and 3 ring stack combinations that are overall symmetric or colourless. These combinations are always integer or zero electronic charge. Symmetric rings contain 3 fold symmetries, even though they are hidden, so electron and neutrino rings can exist in stacks. All isomers of each different ring have the same energy if they are the same ring radius.
A photon is a stack of particle and anti-particle ring, rotating in the same sense, where each preon has merged with its partner in the opposite ring to reform the original unit volume of space. Longer stacks include the proton and neutron of 7 rings and the stack framework enables the KoL and KoS to be the same mass and yet have different parities.
There are eight energies that exist within a ring, with four due to charge and four to mass, that balance each other. Of each, two are due to the size of the preon and its spinning frequency and the other two due to these and the velocity of the preon around the ring. The measurement of the preon velocity (ring frequency) by external observers is what drives relativity.
In order for all rings to be stable, regardless of the different energies present, the energy of a body due to the presence of charge and mass must be increased or reduced using a ‘field’ formula on a product basis, not a summation of potentials, which also eliminates infinities. Identical treatment of mass and charge energies in this way leads to all the accepted energies of particle systems from atomic to planetary. The introduction of the concept of ‘motional’ energy enables the formation of zero energy of motion and position states (ZEMPs) where QM energy levels are replicated as one side of each ZEMP. Without energy, there is no time related to these states even though they exist within a relativistic energy framework.
As can be seen, the concepts of particle mass, electric charge, particle spin, time, colour, and flavour acquire meaning only at the level of the composite systems. For a ring, of observed mass mr composed of preons of mass ± Mo each traveling at velocity vx inside the ring, Er = (gx –1) Mo c2 » ½ Mo vx2 = mr c2.

Hope you find it interesting.
Mike Lawrence