Additional Term added to Electromagnetic Lagrangian

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SUMMARY

The forum discussion centers on the addition of a new term to the electromagnetic Lagrangian, specifically \(\mathcal{L}'=\tilde{\epsilon}_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}F^{\mu\nu}F^{\rho\sigma}\). The user successfully expressed this term in terms of electric and magnetic fields, concluding that \(\mathcal{L}'=-\textbf{E} \cdot \textbf{B}\). Furthermore, they explored whether this addition affects Maxwell's equations, ultimately reasoning that it does not, as the term vanishes due to the properties of the Levi-Civita symbol and Kronecker deltas.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of Lagrangian mechanics in the context of electromagnetism
  • Familiarity with the Levi-Civita symbol and its properties
  • Knowledge of the electromagnetic field strength tensor \(F_{\alpha\beta}\)
  • Proficiency in tensor calculus and manipulation of indices
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the implications of adding terms to the Lagrangian in classical field theories
  • Learn about the properties and applications of the Levi-Civita symbol in physics
  • Investigate the Euler-Lagrange equations in the context of electromagnetic theory
  • Explore advanced topics in Riemannian geometry as applied to physics
USEFUL FOR

This discussion is beneficial for graduate students in physics, theoretical physicists, and researchers focusing on classical field theories and electromagnetism.

n1person
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I am currently reading and trying to solve most of the problems in Carroll's Geometry and Spacetime. I am generally okay at the math (I've done some mathy Riemannian Geometry type stuff), but am not overly good at some of the higher-level physics.

Homework Statement



(Chapter 1, Question 13)
Consider adding to the Lagrangian for electromagnetism the additional term:

[tex]\mathcal{L}'=\tilde{\epsilon}_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}F^{\mu\nu}F^{\rho\sigma}[/tex]

a) Express this in terms of E and B
b) Show that including this term doesn't effect Maxwell's equations. Can you think of a deep reason for this?

Homework Equations


Using -1,+1,+1,+1 flat metric

E&M Lagrangian:
[tex]\mathcal{L}=-\frac{1}{4}F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu} + A_{\mu} J^{\mu}[/tex]

Levi-Civita Symbol:
[tex]\tilde{\epsilon}_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}[/tex]
= -1 for odd permutations of 0123, +1 for even permutations, 0 otherwise

Electromagnetic Field Strength Tensor:
[tex]F_{\alpha\beta}=\partial_\alpha A_\beta - \partial_\beta A_\alpha[/tex]
(too lazy to type the whole matrix :P)Euler Lagrange Equations for a flat space-time field theory:

[tex]\frac{\partial\mathcal{L}}{\partial\Phi^i}- \partial_{\mu}(\frac{\partial\mathcal{L}}{\partial(\partial_\mu\Phi^i)} ) = 0[/tex]

The Attempt at a Solution



a)
Just using some casework, I was able to get that it was equal to:
[tex]\mathcal{L}'=-\textbf{E} \cdot \textbf{B}[/tex]

b)
This one is less clear to me, following the procedure in the book:
[tex]\mathcal{L}_N=-\frac{1}{4}F_{\mu \nu}F^{\mu \nu} + A_{\mu} J^{\mu}+\tilde{\epsilon}_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}F^{\mu \nu}F^{\rho\sigma}= \mathcal{L} + \mathcal{L}'[/tex]
[tex]\Phi^i=A_\nu[/tex]
[tex]\frac{\partial\mathcal{L}'}{\partial A_\mu}= 0[/tex]
Index Lower Fun!
[tex]\mathcal{L}'=\tilde{\epsilon}_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}F^{\mu\nu}F^{\rho\sigma} = \eta^{\alpha\mu}\eta^{\beta\nu}\eta^{\gamma\rho} \eta^{\delta \sigma} \tilde{\epsilon}_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}F_{\alpha\beta}F_{\gamma\delta}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{\partial}{\partial_\mu A_\nu} (\eta^{\alpha\mu}\eta^{\beta\nu}\eta^{\gamma\rho} \eta^{\delta \sigma} \tilde{\epsilon}_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}F_{\alpha\beta}F_{\gamma\delta}) = \eta^{\alpha\mu}\eta^{\beta\nu}\eta^{\gamma\rho} \eta^{\delta \sigma} \tilde{\epsilon}_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma} (\frac{\partial}{\partial_\mu A_\nu} ( F_{\alpha\beta}) F_{\gamma\delta} + \frac{\partial}{\partial_\mu A_\nu} (F_{\gamma\delta}) F_{\alpha\beta})[/tex]
[tex]\frac{\partial}{\partial_\mu A_\nu} (F_{\gamma\delta}) = \delta^\mu_\gamma \delta^\nu_\delta - \delta^\mu_\delta \delta^\mu_\gamma[/tex]

So when we plug this in we get:

[tex]\eta^{\alpha\mu}\eta^{\beta\nu}\eta^{\gamma\rho} \eta^{\delta \sigma} \tilde{\epsilon}_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma} ((\delta^\mu_\gamma \delta^\nu_\delta - \delta^\mu_\delta \delta^\mu_\gamma) F_{\gamma\delta} + (\delta^\mu_\alpha \delta^\nu_\beta - \delta^\mu_\beta \delta^\mu_\alpha) F_{\alpha\beta})[/tex]

At this point I think, well if whenever there are duplicates in [tex]\mu\nu\rho\sigma[/tex], the Levi-Civita Symbol is zero, and whenever there are aren't duplicates all the kroncher-deltas are zero, so this entire term is just zero.

Is this reasoning correct? I feel I am missing something cause I cannot think of a deep reason for this... I cannot think of an interesting physical interpretation...

Thanks for following along and reading till here :)
 
Last edited:
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Potential answers might be daughted/distracted by everything else. I suppose a lot of this question boils down to the following: does
[tex]\tilde{\epsilon}_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma} (\delta^\mu_\gamma \delta^\nu_\delta - \delta^\mu_\delta \delta^\nu_\gamma)[/tex] =0 ?
 

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