Applications of Vandegraff generator

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The Van de Graaff generator produces a potential difference of around 10 million volts, which is capable of accelerating charged particles. It can accelerate both positive ions and electrons due to the electric field it generates, which affects all charged particles regardless of their charge. The discussion highlights the versatility of the generator in particle acceleration applications. The ability to accelerate electrons alongside positive ions expands its utility in various scientific fields. Overall, the Van de Graaff generator is effective for accelerating both types of charged particles.
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Homework Statement



Vande Graff generator is used to generate potential difference to the order of 107 volts to accelerate charged particles.

Homework Equations



My question is, " Will this voltage can be used to accelerate electrons or it is merely confined to accelerating positive ions alone?"

The Attempt at a Solution

 
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why not? electric field exerts both on positive and negative charges.
 
(a) The polarisation pattern is elliptical with maximum (1,1) and minimum (-1,-1), and anticlockwise in direction. (b) I know the solution is a quarter-wave plate oriented π/4, and half-wave plate at π/16, but don't understand how to reach there. I've obtained the polarisation vector (cos π/8, isin π/8) so far. I can't find much online guidance or textbook material working through this topic, so I'd appreciate any help I can get. Also, if anyone could let me know where I can get more...

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