Are Non-Degenerate Extrema Isolated in Functions of One Variable?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers around the relationship between non-degenerate extrema and their isolation in functions of one variable. Participants explore definitions and implications of non-degenerate critical points, particularly in the context of the Hessian matrix and second derivatives.

Discussion Character

  • Technical explanation
  • Conceptual clarification
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • Some participants propose that a non-degenerate extremum is a non-degenerate critical point that is also an extremum.
  • Others argue that a non-singular Hessian matrix indicates certain properties of critical points, but question whether it implies isolation of extrema.
  • A later reply suggests that a non-degenerate critical point must be isolated, presenting reasoning based on the behavior of sequences of points converging to the critical point.
  • There is mention of degenerate critical points that can also be isolated, using examples such as the function x^4 and the absolute value function |x|.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on whether non-degenerate extrema are necessarily isolated, with some supporting this idea while others provide counterexamples and alternative interpretations.

Contextual Notes

Participants reference the definitions of critical points and the conditions under which derivatives exist, indicating potential limitations in the assumptions made about the functions being discussed.

Apteronotus
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If it is said that a function has nondegenerate extrema does this simply mean that the extrema are isolated?

(The function in question is of one variable.)

Thanks in advance
 
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A nondegenerate critical point is one in which the hessian matrix (the matrix of partial second derivatives) is nonsingular. A nondegenerate extremum then is just a nondegenerate critical point which is an extremum
 
Office_Shredder
thank you for your reply. Before posting I searched online for the definition and came across the definition you posted.

Hence let me rephrase my question:
What is the geometrical significance of a non-singular Hessian matrix (in the context stated above)?
-- Is an extremum point whose Hessian is non-singular an isolated extrema?
 
Looking back that was a dumb reply since you said that your function only has one variable.

The critical point is nondegenerate if the second derivative at the critical point is non-zero. There are certainly degenerate critical points that are isolated: for example the point 0 for the function x4. If your definition of critical point allows for points where the derivative does not exist, then 0 for the function |x| also counts.

If a critical point is nondegenerate, say it's called x0, then it has to be isolated. If there is a sequence of points xi converging to our critical point x0 such that f'(xi)=0 for all i, then if the second derivative exists, it must be zero (in the difference quotient, looking at just choices of h such that x+h=xi shows that). If we're in the case where derivatives don't exist for the other critical points, but the derivative of x0 does exist, then the second derivative can't exist because we have a sequence of points xi such that f'(xi) does not exist converging to x0, which means that f''(x0) can't exist either
 
I'm grateful. Thank you.
 

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