To continue with what's already said, I went through some materials to refresh what I knew of NIF and to learn new stuff and here's what I found.
There are two energy transfer efficiencies that are important when compared to the final plasma energy out.
Mostly people talk of the laser "wall plug" efficiency which for most lasers is low and for the NIF laser is roughly 1% IIRC. Sure there is room for improvement there.
But there is another efficiency in conversion and that is the laser to X ray conversion and X ray energy to ablation pressure coupling efficiency. Since what matters for fusion is only how much pressure can be given to the imploding pellet from the X rays that ionize/heat the ablator that forms the plasma that then ejects mass from the ablator causing a "action/reaction" that drives the ablator inwards.
Here is a picture from wiki for which I searched some references for backup and seems to be true.
So at best only 20% of the laser energy is actually coupled to the implosion event itself.
This makes the recent result more spectacular in a way because the delivered laser energy - roughly 2.05MJ , only 20% at best went into the actual implosion so about 0.4MJ for the roughly 3 MJ out. At least this is what my rough calculation gives me.Here is a nice article (start of 2022) from nature which also speaks about the details of the implosion, it also confirms the laser energy to implosion coupling efficiency.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04281-w
The exposed surface of a capsule at the centre of the hohlraum absorbs approximately 10–15% of the X-rays, causing the outer edge of the capsule (the ablator) to ionize, generate high pressures of the order of hundreds of Mbar (1 Mbar = 1011 Pa), and expand away from the capsule—a process termed ablation.
The nature article also states that
The achievement of a burning-plasma state is key progress towards the larger goal of ‘ignition’ and overall energy gain in inertial fusion. The fusion yields reported here (approximately 0.17 MJ) are lower than the input laser energy (approximately 1.9 MJ), but are nearly equal to the capsule absorbed energy (giving capsule gain of about 0.7–0.8) and are an order of magnitude greater than the input energy transferred to the fusion fuel.
Which sort of makes the same point I just said that if we only look at the final stage from the actual energy that the pellet ablator receives/couples from the Laser then the last shot looks much better as it only coupled roughly 0.5MJ from the total 2MJ laser pulse that entered the hohlraum but the fusion yield of it was 3Mj , so it's 0.5MJ vs 3 in that sense. 0.5 to 3 is a gain of 6 by the way. But fair enough NIF calculates the gain from the laser energy to the hohlraum VS fusion yield so that is only 2 vs 3 a gain of 1.5The problem part is this , it seems hard to further increase the coupling efficiency. I read there are various paths how the initial laser energy is lost.
Here are a couple
1) Laser strikes hohlraum inner high Z (Gold and Uranium) walls and that creates a plasma which then interacts with the laser light to partly scatter it away, some 2% of this is backscatter in the direction of the incoming laser light and exits back out the hohlraum axial entrance windows.
2) Since the hohlraum inner wall is lined with high Z materials , as
@Astronuc already said , they attenuate the photon energy so some of it is lost to heat and X rays that are outside the preferred X ray energy spectrum and some of those X rays get lost too.
Also one disruption mechanism that I read they experienced early on was that the laser hit inner wall of the hohlraum created uneven plasma bursts that then created uneven radiation flux in the cavity and sometimes the plasma even physically touched the ablator surface.
So alot of work has been put into perfecting all of this it seems, from making different hohlraum geometries to changing individual laser beam wavelength etc.
They also created a rugby shaped hohlraum for these purposes , see the link
https://lasers.llnl.gov/news/frustraum-hohlraum-design-is-shaping-up
This seemingly increased the coupling efficiency of X rays to the ablator.
Previous research using a hohlraum shaped like a rugby ball increased the level of laser-induced energy absorbed by a single-shell ICF fuel capsule to about 30 percent. That is about double the level of energy absorption — known as energy coupling — of 10 to 15 percent with a standard cylindrical hohlraum used at NIF.
This rugby shaped cavity they call a "frustraum" instead of a hohlraum.
Also the targets are manufactured by hand in what seems like a long and slow process. One can read more about that in this link.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/jour...-nif-targets/2F53CD97D5DCB494E70C1E428F6D056F
What is also interesting is that they glue in various polymer seals where the diagnostics ports are located on the target because the larger spherical room which hold the hohlraum holder is under vacuum but the small "target" hohlraum is actually filled with He gas.
This is done to create a more even radiation flux it seems and suppress the hohlraum inner wall plasma eruption instabilities. This He gas filling seems rather similar in principle to the fill method used in actual H bombs to help even out the radiation flux emanating from the primary within the hohlraum aka radiation channel, in the bomb case that material is a classified one and known officialy only as "fogbank". Prior to shot the He helps to cool the pellet inside as it couples to the hohlraum walls which themselves are cooled by the holder "hand" that it is attached to.
For tamping purposes, the hohlraum is filled with a gas such as He, typically at sub-atmospheric pressures. As described in more detail later, we cool the hohlraum by conductively connecting it to the cryostat and the He inside also serves to cool the capsule accordingly. When the target is fielded on NIF, it is held at high vacuum within a shroud, which is a clamshell structure that protects the target from the ambient till close to shot time at which point the shroud is splayed open allowing full visibility of the target to the laser beams
Apparently the link also talks about the targets leaking some He gas into the larger vacuum chamber and how much leaking is acceptable.
And lastly the data acquiring for better models that
@Vanadium 50 mentioned earlier here
https://lasers.llnl.gov/for-users/experimental-capabilities/materials
An interesting video animation from LLNL about how they "X ray" the imploded target for information about the conditions within it.