I Bilateral and unilateral constraints

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Bilateral constraints are defined mathematically as φ(x) = 0, while unilateral constraints are expressed as φ(x) ≥ 0. The discussion highlights an alternative representation of these constraints using the Jacobian matrix J and the velocity vector u, where J is the partial derivative of φ with respect to q. The user is currently struggling to grasp the concepts presented in section 1.3 of the course notes on collision detection. Further clarification and discussion on these topics will be provided as the user progresses through the material.
hmparticle9
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I am going through this course on collision detection: https://siggraphcontact.github.io/

In this link is a PDF called course notes. Scrolling down to section 1.3, called constraints.

In this section it is said that we can write bilateral constraints as ##\phi(\mathbf{x}) = 0## and unilateral constraints as ##\phi(\mathbf{x}) \ge 0##.

I understand that, but then it says that these constraints call also be written as:
$$\mathbf{J} \mathbf{u} = 0, \mathbf{J} \mathbf{u} \ge 0,$$
where
$$\mathbf{J} = \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial \mathbf{q}} \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times n},$$
and ##\mathbf{u}## is the velocity vector.

I am struggling with most of section 1.3, I will add bits as we progress.
 
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