E ffective relativistic degrees of freedom of the early universe

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SUMMARY

The effective relativistic degrees of freedom, denoted as g*, can be calculated for different temperature ranges in the early universe. For temperatures greater than 103 GeV, g* equals 336. For the range of 1 MeV to 100 MeV, g* remains 336. When the temperature drops below 0.1 MeV, g* slightly decreases to 334. The calculations utilize the equation g* = g(T) + (7/8)(4/11)^(4/3)*g(T_f) + (4/11)^4*g(T_W) + 2*g(T_Z), with g(T) defined as (8π^2/90)[h^2 + 15N].

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of effective relativistic degrees of freedom in cosmology
  • Familiarity with the equation g* = g(T) + (7/8)(4/11)^(4/3)*g(T_f) + (4/11)^4*g(T_W) + 2*g(T_Z)
  • Knowledge of temperature dependencies of particles (electron, W boson, Z boson)
  • Basic principles of thermal physics in the context of the early universe
NEXT STEPS
  • Research the implications of g* on the thermal history of the universe
  • Study the role of particle physics in determining g* values
  • Explore the significance of temperature thresholds in cosmological models
  • Learn about the relationship between g* and cosmic microwave background radiation
USEFUL FOR

Astronomers, cosmologists, and physicists interested in the thermal dynamics of the early universe and the calculation of effective degrees of freedom in cosmological models.

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Homework Statement


Calculate the number g* of effective relativistic degrees of freedom as the universe
cools through the temperature ranges (i) T > 103 GeV, (ii) 1 MeV < T < 100 MeV,
and (iii) T < 0:1 MeV.


Homework Equations


for the equation that is required to be used look the attachement/


The Attempt at a Solution


this equation is taken from the website:
http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Sept03/Trodden/Trodden4_2.html

the question is what must be substituted in this equation in order to obtain g*.
The temperature T is the actual temperature of the background plasma,
 

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while the other parameters such as T_f,T_W and T_Z are related to the temperature of the particles (electron, W boson, Z boson).The equation is:g* = g(T)+ (7/8)(4/11)^(4/3)*g(T_f)+(4/11)^4*g(T_W)+2*g(T_Z)where g(T) = (8π^2/90)[h^2 + 15N]For the first part, where T > 103 GeV, T_f = T_W = T_Z = T = 103 GeV Therefore, g* = g(103 GeV)+ (7/8)(4/11)^(4/3)*g(103 GeV)+(4/11)^4*g(103 GeV)+2*g(103 GeV) = 3.36 x 10^2For the second part, 1 MeV < T < 100 MeV, T_f = T_W = T_Z = T Therefore, g* = g(T)+ (7/8)(4/11)^(4/3)*g(T)+(4/11)^4*g(T)+2*g(T) = 3.36 x 10^2For the third part, T < 0.1 MeV, T_f = T_W = T_Z = 0.1 MeV Therefore, g* = g(0.1 MeV)+ (7/8)(4/11)^(4/3)*g(0.1 MeV)+(4/11)^4*g(0.1 MeV)+2*g(0.1 MeV) = 3.34 x 10^2
 

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