Ease of chain reaction for enriched uranium

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the conditions necessary for initiating a chain reaction in enriched uranium (U-235), particularly in the context of comparing the energy output of a nuclear reactor versus a fission bomb. Participants explore the implications of critical mass, the physical properties of uranium, and the mechanics of fission reactions.

Discussion Character

  • Debate/contested
  • Technical explanation
  • Conceptual clarification

Main Points Raised

  • One participant suggests that dropping two halves of a U-235 sphere weighing 30 kg each would create a supercritical mass, potentially leading to a chain reaction, but questions whether the energy output would resemble that of a nuclear reactor rather than a bomb.
  • Another participant clarifies that the dynamics of a bomb involve an exponentially growing fission rate, contrasting it with the constant fission rate maintained in a reactor using moderators.
  • A participant inquires about the efficiency of the explosion in the absence of a tamper, referencing historical yields from bombs like Little Boy.
  • One participant asserts that the initiation of a chain reaction depends on having sufficient U-235 together rather than the force of the collision.
  • Another participant emphasizes that uranium is a hard metal, undergoing dynamic strain hardening, which affects its behavior in explosive contexts, and notes that critical mass can lead to rapid heating to the melting point.
  • Discussion includes the distinction between gun-type systems and implosion devices, highlighting the larger mass needed for supercriticality in gun-type systems to enhance yield before dispersion.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the mechanics of initiating a chain reaction and the comparison between reactor and bomb energy outputs. There is no consensus on the specifics of how force and mass interact in this context.

Contextual Notes

Participants reference the complexities of fission reactions and the physical properties of uranium, but there are unresolved assumptions regarding the exact mechanics of chain reaction initiation and the implications of uranium's hardness.

decafdave
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Critical mass is over 50kg so let's say I have 2 halves of a sphere of the isotope U-235, each weighing 30 kg. I drop one onto the other so that they form a supercritical sphere. No doubt a chain reaction would begin, but I assume it would produce energy on the level of a nuclear reactor rather than a fission bomb? Is it a matter of force when they collide? Just how soft is uranium?

My question stems from learning about the "gun type" fission bombs developed during WWII.
My guess is that uranium is a soft metal, and not much force is required to meld the two pieces together although I may be wrong.
 
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The experiment you are describing is that of a bomb. A reactor is much more complicated. In a bomb the fission rate grows exponentially. In a reactor, it is necessary to keep it a constant level, using moderators, etc.
 
So it's likely that is enough force to initiate the chain reaction? Any guess to the explosion's efficiency since there is no tamper? I know Little Boy didn't even achieve 2% but still yielded 14KT.

It's a good thing it's so difficult to isolate U-235!
 
It's not force that initiated the chain reaction, only having enough U235 together.
 
decafdave said:
Critical mass is over 50kg so let's say I have 2 halves of a sphere of the isotope U-235, each weighing 30 kg. I drop one onto the other so that they form a supercritical sphere. No doubt a chain reaction would begin, but I assume it would produce energy on the level of a nuclear reactor rather than a fission bomb? Is it a matter of force when they collide? Just how soft is uranium?

My question stems from learning about the "gun type" fission bombs developed during WWII.
My guess is that uranium is a soft metal, and not much force is required to meld the two pieces together although I may be wrong.
Uranium is a hard metal and it undergoes dynamic strain hardening, which is one reason that it is used for armour piercing shells.

A critical mass of U-235 would get hot rather quickly, to the melting point. Gun type systems have a much larger mass than needed for supercriticality in order to increase yield before dispersion. Implosion devices use the compression of an explosion to increase the density of fissile material rapidly with an consequent increase in yield before dispersion.
 
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