How are RF harmonics affected by the shape of a waveform?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion centers on the effects of waveform shape on RF harmonics, including their calculation, propagation through electronic components, and the characteristics of harmonics generated by square-wave drives. It encompasses theoretical and practical aspects of RF harmonics in electronic systems.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant inquires about calculating the power/amplitude of RF harmonics, suggesting it may be a fraction of the main frequency's amplitude.
  • Another participant mentions that Fourier Analysis can be used to determine the amplitude of each harmonic in a periodic wave.
  • It is noted that a square wave contains an infinite number of odd harmonics, with the amplitude of the n'th harmonic being 1/n compared to the fundamental frequency.
  • One participant asserts that RF harmonics are generally undesirable in communication systems and that there is no universal method for calculating them, as they arise from various mechanisms.
  • A participant explains that the propagation of high-frequency harmonics through electronic components depends on the circuit's transfer function, which affects gain and phase shift across frequencies.
  • Another participant emphasizes that harmonics are independent of the fundamental frequency once created and that their frequencies remain constant.
  • One participant raises a question about the ability of a MOSFET to convey harmonics above its maximum switching frequency, suggesting that switching rates need qualification and that sinewave driving is unlikely in practical applications.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the calculation and implications of RF harmonics, with no consensus on a universal method for their calculation or their desirability in communication systems. The discussion remains unresolved regarding the specifics of harmonic propagation and the implications of waveform shape.

Contextual Notes

Limitations include the lack of detailed assumptions about the mechanisms generating harmonics and the dependence on specific circuit characteristics for harmonic propagation. The discussion does not resolve the complexities involved in calculating or managing RF harmonics.

Plat
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How can the power/amplitude of a particular RF harmonic be calculated? I would assume it is some well-defined fraction of the amplitude of the main frequency?

Do RF harmonics from a square-wave drive appear only on the even, odd, or both, multiples of the base frequency?

How do high-frequency harmonics propagate through electronic components? For example, if a MOSFET can switch at 1MHz max, then can it convey harmonics from the source/signal frequency that are above 1MHz? I know I'm greatly simplifying things here.
 
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Fourier Analysis enables us to calculate the amplitude of each harmonic in a repetitive/periodic wave.
 
Plat said:
Do RF harmonics from a square-wave drive appear only on the even, odd, or both, multiples of the base frequency?
A square wave has an infinite number of odd harmonics. The n'th harmonic has an amplitude of 1/n compared with the fundamental.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_wave#Fourier_analysis
 
Plat said:
How can the power/amplitude of a particular RF harmonic be calculated? I would assume it is some well-defined fraction of the amplitude of the main frequency?
In general, RF harmonics are a bad thing, especially in communication systems. Quiz Question -- Why? :smile:

And there is no general way to calculate them. They arise from several different mechanisms, some generating odd harmonics some generating even harmonics, and some generating both.
 
Plat said:
How do high-frequency harmonics propagate through electronic components?
A circuit has a transfer function that shows circuit gain and phase shift across frequency. In linear circuits, the fundamental and each harmonic must be treated separately as each passes through the circuit. The resultant signal will be the sum of all the differently shifted and scaled sinewave harmonics.
The spectrum of the output signal is the spectrum of the input signal multiplied by the transfer function.

Plat said:
For example, if a MOSFET can switch at 1MHz max, then can it convey harmonics from the source/signal frequency that are above 1MHz?
A MOSFET needs to be on or off most of the time to minimise both heating during each transition and the power needed to charge and discharge the gate. For that reason, switching rate is meaningless without qualification. It is unlikely that a switching MOSFET application would be driven by a sinewave alone.
 
Plat said:
How do high-frequency harmonics propagate through electronic components?
It would depend entirely on the 'frequency response' of the system you are dealing with. There is nothing magic about harmonics. They are totally independent of the fundamental, once they have been created. Their frequencies will stay the same - that's all.
To find out more about the relationship between the shape of a waveform in time and its description in 'frequency space', try this wiki article. Frequency and time domain descriptions are just alternative ways of describing the same signal. It is not 'really' one or the other.
 

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