Trigonometry influences the roots of a quadratic equation by altering its coefficients, specifically through terms involving sine and cosine functions. A non-degenerate quadratic equation has exactly two roots in the complex number system and two or fewer in the real number system, unless all coefficients are zero, making it an identity. The discussion highlights the condition for real and distinct roots, which requires the discriminant to be greater than zero. The relationship between the coefficients and trigonometric functions leads to a derived inequality that can help determine the value of the angle theta. Understanding these interactions is crucial for solving quadratic equations influenced by trigonometric terms.