MHB Indefinite integral complete square

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The discussion focuses on solving the indefinite integral of the function involving a square root in the denominator, specifically $$\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{16+4x-2x^2}}\,dx$$. The transformation of the integrand into a form suitable for integration is highlighted, leading to the expression $$\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{2[9-(x-1)^2]}}\,dx$$. The integration process involves substituting variables and ultimately results in the expression $$\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\sin^{-1}\left({\frac{x-1}{3}}\right)+C$$. The conversation also clarifies a potential misunderstanding regarding the cosine function in the integral. The final result provides a clear solution to the original integral problem.
karush
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$$\int_{}^{} \frac{1}{\sqrt{16+4x-2x^2}}\,dx$$
$$\frac{\sqrt{2}} {2}\int_{}^{} \cos\left(\frac{x-1}{3}\right)\,dx$$

So far ? Not sure
 
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Not quite, but close and I think you meant $\frac{\sqrt{2}} {2} \cos\left(\frac{x-1}{3}\right)$.

$$=\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{2[9-(x-1)^2]}}\,dx$$
$$=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{9-u^2}}\,du$$
$$=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\sin^{-1}\left({\frac{u}{3}}\right)+C$$
$$=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\sin^{-1}\left({\frac{x-1}{3}}\right)+C$$
 
There are probably loads of proofs of this online, but I do not want to cheat. Here is my attempt: Convexity says that $$f(\lambda a + (1-\lambda)b) \leq \lambda f(a) + (1-\lambda) f(b)$$ $$f(b + \lambda(a-b)) \leq f(b) + \lambda (f(a) - f(b))$$ We know from the intermediate value theorem that there exists a ##c \in (b,a)## such that $$\frac{f(a) - f(b)}{a-b} = f'(c).$$ Hence $$f(b + \lambda(a-b)) \leq f(b) + \lambda (a - b) f'(c))$$ $$\frac{f(b + \lambda(a-b)) - f(b)}{\lambda(a-b)}...

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