There is really no such thing as a "proof" in physics.
But of course there are occasions where you'll encounter proofs in physics books, usually in "math heavy" courses where the proofs are really part of the math; a good example would be quantum mechanics where a typical course will include linear algebra not covered in math courses, and then proofs will be used to show you how one results leads to another.
But the short answer to your questions is no, there are very few proofs. And the ones you'll encounter won't be nearly as rigorous as in a math course.