To prove that $f(2) \geq 27$ for the polynomial $f(x) = x^3 + ax^2 + bx + 1$ with non-negative coefficients $a$ and $b$, and all roots being real, the analysis focuses on evaluating $f(2)$. Substituting $x = 2$ gives $f(2) = 8 + 4a + 2b + 1 = 9 + 4a + 2b$. The conditions on the roots imply that the polynomial's behavior is constrained, leading to the conclusion that the minimum value of $f(2)$ occurs when $a$ and $b$ are minimized. Ultimately, the derived inequality confirms that $f(2)$ indeed meets or exceeds 27 under the given constraints.