Positive Definition and 987 Threads

Positive liberty is the possession of the capacity to act upon one's free will, as opposed to negative liberty, which is freedom from external restraint on one's actions. A concept of positive liberty may also include freedom from internal constraints.The concepts of structure and agency are central to the concept of positive liberty because in order to be free, a person should be free from inhibitions of the social structure in carrying out their free will. Structurally, classism, sexism, ageism, ableism and racism can inhibit a person's freedom. As positive liberty is primarily concerned with the possession of sociological agency, it is enhanced by the ability of citizens to participate in government and have their voices, interests, and concerns recognized and acted upon.
Isaiah Berlin's essay "Two Concepts of Liberty" (1958) is typically acknowledged as the first to explicitly draw the distinction between positive and negative liberty.

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  1. L

    Find all positive integers n such that 3x^2-y^2=2018^n has an integer solution

    I need an idea. Thank you.
  2. Walid-yahya

    I The sum of positive integers up to infinity: Was Sirinivasa right?

  3. Euge

    POTW What Is the Infimum of This Set of Superior Limits?

    Let ##\mathbb{R}^\omega_{+}## be the set of all sequences ##(a_n)_{n=1}^\infty## of positive real numbers. Determine the infimum $$\inf\left\{\limsup_{n \to \infty} \left(\frac{1 + a_{n+1}}{a_n}\right)^n : (a_n) \in \mathbb{R}^\omega_{+}\right\}$$
  4. M

    Liapunov’s Second Method proof

    For this theorem, I'm trying to prove why ## a > 0## and ##4ac - b^2 > 0## for the function to be positive definite. My working is, ##V(x,y) = x(ax + by) + cy^2## (I try on write the function in alternative forms) ##V(x,y) = ax^2 + y(bx + cy)## However, does anybody please know where to...
  5. misbah alshaybani

    B Why is the test charge always positive?

    why test charge is always positive ?
  6. Euge

    POTW Does the Alternating Binomial Sum Formula Hold for All Positive Integers?

    Show that for all positive integers ##n##, $$\binom{n}{1} - \frac{1}{2}\binom{n}{2} + \cdots + (-1)^{n-1}\frac{1}{n}\binom{n}{n} = 1 + \frac{1}{2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{n}$$
  7. P

    When is the acceleration due to gravity negative and when is it positive?

    I know to break it down into its x and y components and then use Pythagorean: Acceleration in the x direction is Fx/m ---> (7.50 x 10^6*cos55) / (4.50 x 10^5 kg) = 9.56 m/s^2 Acceleration in the y direction is: (Fy - mg)/m ---> ((7.50 x 10^6*sin55) - (4.5 x 10^5* 9.8 m/s^2)) / (4.5 x 10^5 kg)...
  8. S

    Condition such that the symmetric matrix has only positive eigenvalues

    My attempt: $$ \begin{vmatrix} 1-\lambda & b\\ b & a-\lambda \end{vmatrix} =0$$ $$(1-\lambda)(a-\lambda)-b^2=0$$ $$a-\lambda-a\lambda+\lambda^2-b^2=0$$ $$\lambda^2+(-1-a)\lambda +a-b^2=0$$ The value of ##\lambda## will be positive if D < 0, so $$(-1-a)^2-4(a-b^2)<0$$ $$1+2a+a^2-4a+4b^2<0$$...
  9. doudou

    I Gravity does negative or positive work with cosmos redshift?

    Based on the fact of observed cosmological redshift, scientists have proposed different ideas to explain. One interesting question is whether gravity does negative or positive work now: According to universe expanding in Big Bang theory (Lemaitre, 1927), obviously gravity does overall negative...
  10. N

    I don't understand this step in turning this negative into a positive

    So I have this question. I get all the working out, but then I feel like the answer should be; -2/(b-a). Then I thought -2/(-a+b) must just be the same thing... all good so far.. Then they somehow just to 2/(a-b) as the final answer.. I'm lost there. How does that conversion happen...
  11. M

    Graphing electric potential for two positive charges

    For part (a) of this problem, The solution is However, my solution is Am I correct? In the solutions that don't appear to plot the electric potential as units of ## \frac {k_eQ} {a} ## like I have which the problem statement said to do. Many thanks!
  12. S

    Powder coating: way to add more positive charge?

    I am thinking of powder coating at home. I know the part to be coated is negatively charged because it is grounded. I assume the powder is positively charged by the gun. I wonder if there is a way to add more positive charge cheaply to an inexpensive gun like the one at harbor freight? I think...
  13. anemone

    POTW Inequality of Positive Real Numbers: Proving (1-1/x^2)(1-1/y^2)≥9 with x+y≤1

    Let ##x,\,y>0## and ##x+y \leq 1##. Prove that ##(1-\frac{1}{x^2})(1-\frac{1}{y^2})\geq 9##.
  14. C

    Why Does Positive Charge Exert Elec. Field Beyond Neg. Charge?

    I wonder how it is possible that a positive charge can exert el. field beyond negative charge? Shouldn't they "connect" and therefore positive charge should stop to have el. field beyond neg. charge? I mean, I am obviously wrong about that, but can someone please explain why/how el. field from...
  15. codebpr

    A The kinetic term of the Hamiltonian is not positive definite

    I am trying to reproduce the results from this paper. On page 10 of the paper, they have an equation: $$ \frac{S}{T}=\int dt\sum _{n=0,1} (\dot{c_n}{}^2-c_n^2 \omega _n^2)+11.3 c_0^3+21.5 c_0 c_1^2+10.7 c_0 \dot{c_0}{}^2+3.32 c_0 \dot{c_1}{}^2+6.64 \dot{c_0} c_1 \dot{c_1} \tag{B12} $$ where they...
  16. Y

    Coulomb's law — A negative charge balanced between 3 positive charges

    hello i would like to understand something, i found the right answer but there is still something i don't understand. here is the figure and here is my correct solution what i don't understand is why F(3,Q) is 3kQ/r^2 i mean why is the 3? i only calculat the force between q3 and Q so why...
  17. B

    I Separation of Plasma into positive nucleus and negative electrons

    Im wondering if plasma is possible to be separated into a positive nucleus and negative electrons and contained within a magnetic bottle ? If possible, what is the most efficient method of achieving it ?
  18. anemone

    POTW Proving Inequality between Positive Real Numbers a and b: a(a+b) ≤ 2

    Let a and b be positive real numbers such that ##a^5+b^3 \le a^2+b^2##. Prove that ##a(a+b) \le 2##.
  19. M

    Is the following true, for each positive integer ## k ##?

    Let ## 5k+4=p_{1}^{k_{1}}p_{2}^{k_{2}}\dotsb p_{s}^{k_{s}} ##. Then ## 5\equiv 0\pmod {5} ## and ## 5k+4\equiv 4\pmod {5} ##. Thus ## p_{i}^{k_{i}}\not \equiv 0\pmod {5} ## for ## i=1, 2,..., s ##. Suppose all ## p_{i}^{k_{i}}\equiv 1\pmod {5} ##. Then ## p_{1}^{k_{1}}p_{2}^{k_{2}}\dotsb...
  20. anemone

    POTW Find Triplets of Positive Integers with Sum of Cubes

    Find all triples (a, b, c) of positive integers such that ##a^3+b^3+c^3=(abc)^2##.
  21. D

    I Inner product - positive or positive semidefinite?

    Hi In QM the inner product satisfies < a | a > ≥ 0 with equality if and only if a = 0. Is this positive definite or positive semidefinite because i have seen it described as both Thanks
  22. F

    B Positive Definite Cartan Matrices in Quantum Physics

    As I was looking for an example for a metric tensor that isn't among the usual suspects, I observed that the Cartan matrix I wanted to use is positive definite (I assume all are), but not symmetric. Are the symmetry breaks in quantum physics related to this fact?
  23. ElectroMaster88

    B Is there some electrical charge that is neither positive nor negative?

    I do not mean neutral electrical charge, but a forth kind (if exists) I am in 9th grade, and someone asked the teacher if there is an electrical charge that is not positive, not negative and not neutral, maybe something in the middle of them. The teacher said that there is a charge like that...
  24. Purplepixie

    MHB Closed form solution to sum of sine positive zero-crossings

    Hello, I would like to know, if there's a closed form solution to the following problem: Given a sum of say, 3 sines, with the form y = sin(a.2.PI.t) + sin(b.2.PI.t) + sin(c.2.PI.t) where a,b,c are constants and PI = 3.141592654 and the periods in the expression are multiplication signs, what...
  25. pandatime

    Work done in elevator problem — is it positive or negative?

    Hi! So, I've actually already solved this problem.. for the most part. I have split up the work into two sections, floor 0 to 10, and floor 10 to 15. From floor 0 to 10, I did ## F_{elevator} = w_{pass.} + w_{elev.} ## ## F = (70)(20 (num. of pass.))(9.8) + (800)(9.8) ## ## F_{elev.} = 21560N...
  26. Keysa

    How to find the positive maximum value of a function

    This is the code that i wrote Clear["Global`*"] Z = 500; W = 100000; G = 250; H = 100; K = 0.5; T = 30; L = 4000; P = 5; S = 2.5; Y = 1; A = 0.1; V = 2.5; J = 8000; f[x_] := 1/ x {(J*Z*x*(2*Y - x))/( 2*Y) - ((W + T*G) + ((L + T*P)*2*Z*Y*(1 - ((Y - x)/Y)^1.5))/ 3 + (H + T*S +...
  27. thovarua

    MOS Capacitor under very large positive or negative bias conditions

    In MOSCAP, why does the band stop bending as soon as the Si Fermi level touches either the conduction band (inversion) or the valance band (accumulation)?
  28. Jamister

    I Proof about a positive definite matrix

    I need to prove the following: A symmetric real matrix ##A## with positive elements ##a_{i,j}\geq 0## can’t be definite positive matrix (i.e. with only positive eigenvalues) if the following condition holds: $$\sum_{i=1}^{N-1}a_{i,i+1}>\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i,i}=\frac{1}{2}\text{Tr}(A)$$...
  29. A

    Problem with the positive orientation of a surface (Stokes' theorem)

    Greetings the solution is the following which I understand I do understand why the current orientation of the Path is positive regarding to stocks (the surface should remain to the left) but I don´t understand why the current N vector of the surface is positive regarding stockes theorem...
  30. S

    How many positive integer solutions satisfy this equation?

    $$\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{xy}=\frac{1}{2021}$$ $$\frac{y+x+1}{xy}=\frac{1}{2021}$$ $$xy = 2021y + 2021 x + 2021$$ Then I am stuck. How to continue? Thanks
  31. S

    Why not use positive displacement turbines?

    Positive displacement pumps are used a lot in the industry for pumping water or other liquids. So why is it not used as turbines in hydropower plants?
  32. bluesteels

    How do you know if the focal length is positive or negative?

    In this problem, it doesn't tell you where is the focal length. So how do you know if it is in front or behind the object?
  33. S

    Why would disconnecting the positive cable first on car battery cause sparks?

    When I was 18 years old, I worked at an automobile repair shop doing oil changes and other light mechanical work. The automobile repair shop hired me for this work to free up their real auto mechanics to do more advanced automobile repair work. One time I was assigned the task of replacing a...
  34. A

    Understanding Electric Field of Positive & Negative Plates

    I am confused with the solution. It says ##\vec E = \frac{\sigma}{\epsilon_0}##. Shouldn't E = ##2*\vec E = 2*\frac{\sigma}{\epsilon_0}##? Electric field of the positive plate and electric field of the negative plate.
  35. M

    If ## a ## is a positive integer and ## \sqrt[n]{a} ## is rational?

    Proof: Suppose ## a ## is a positive integer and ## \sqrt[n]{a} ## is rational. Then we have ## \sqrt[n]{a}=\frac{b}{c} ## for some ## b,c\in\mathbb{Z} ## such that ## gcd(b, c)=1 ## where ## c\neq 0 ##. Thus ## \sqrt[n]{a}=\frac{b}{c} ## ## (\sqrt[n]{a})^{n}=(\frac{b}{c})^n ##...
  36. M

    Criterion for a positive integer a>1 to be a square

    Proof: Suppose a positive integer ## a>1 ## is a square. Then we have ## a=b^2 ## for some ## b\in\mathbb{Z} ##, where ## b=p_{1}^{n_{1}} p_{2}^{n_{2}} \dotsb p_{r}^{n_{r}} ## such that each ## n_{i} ## is a positive integer and ## p_{i}'s ## are prime for ## i=1,2,3,...,r ## with ##...
  37. M

    I Force between Positive and Negative Electrical Charges

    I have in the past been criricised for inappropriate postings that I could have resolved with research so this time I have done the research first. The best solution I have found is from wiki "that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field." What causes the force...
  38. S

    Conditional probability of a test records this positive result

    My attempt: $$P(\text{B is positive}|\text{A is positive})=\frac{P(\text{B is positive} \cap \text{A is positive})}{P(\text{A is positive})}$$ $$=\frac{P(\text{B is positive})\times P(\text{A is positive})}{P(\text{A is positive})}$$ $$=P(\text{B is positive})$$ $$=0.01 \times 0.99 + 0.99 \times...
  39. dom_quixote

    B Higher Roots of Positive Numbers

    Playing around with my calculator, I realized that if I do successive rooting operations on any positive non-zero number, I always get the number one. Can I conclude that the infinite root of any positive number will always be zero? If the statement is true, is there any synthesized formula to...
  40. B

    Show that the solutions to the Fresnel Equation are real and positive

    I got as far as simplifying the expression to $$\frac{4}{9}(n_x^4 n_y^4 + n_x^4 n_z^4 + n_y^4 + n_z^4 - n_x^4 n_y^2 n_z^2 - n_x^2 n_y^4 n_z^2 - n_x^2 n_y^2 n_z^4)$$ But that doesn't seem to be a form that is necessarily positive and satisfies the criteria of the homework statement. Little help...
  41. Andrew1235

    Finding all subsets of a list of positive integers using backtracking

    The following Python 3 code is provided as the solution to this problem (https://leetcode.com/problems/subsets/solution/) that asks to find all subsets of a list of integers. For example, for the list below the output is [[], [1], [1, 2], [1, 2, 3], [1, 3], [2], [2, 3], [3]]. I am not familiar...
  42. D

    Show that gcd(a,b) is the smallest positive element in the set {ma+nb}

    ##m##, ##n##, ##a##, and ##b## are in ##\mathbb{Z}##. The set of natural numbers is an abelian group, so ##\{ma+nb|m,n\in\mathbb{Z}\}## is a subset of ##\mathbb{Z}##. ##a ## and ##b## are either relatively prime or not relatively prime. If ##a ## and ##b## are relatively prime, then there are...
  43. samy4408

    I Positive Charges: Explaining Motion Despite Net Force = 0

    in a cours of electrostatic when we have a positive charge and we bring another one (also postitive)we have to do work and apply a force that equals the force of repultion over the distance which seems weird because if we do that the net force will be equal to 0 and the charge will not move can...
  44. S

    MHB Find the smallest positive integer N

    Find the smallest positive integer N that satisfies all of the following conditions: • N is a square. • N is a cube. • N is an odd number. • N is divisible by twelve prime numbers. How many digits does this number N have?Please Explain your steps in detail.
  45. V

    B Voltage between the positive terminal of a battery and a point in the air

    If I connect a voltmeter with the positive terminal of a battery and leave the other wire hanging in the air, it won't measure anything since it's not a closed circuit. But if there was a way to measure the voltage between those two points, what would the voltage be? Or is this a meaningless...
  46. R

    Compute the number of positive integer divisors of 10

    Compute the number of positive integer divisors of 10!. By the fundamental theorem of arithmetic and the factorial expansion: 10! = 10 x 9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 2 x 5 x 3^2 x 7 x 2 x 3 x 5 x 2^2 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 2^8 x 3^4 x 5^2 x 7 Then there are 9 possibilities for 2, 5 for 3, 3 for...
  47. P

    I Shooting an electron past a positive nucleus (trajectory)

    An electron is shot horizontally. There is a proton located somewhere else, but not in the horizontal path of the electron. Is there a distance of closest approach, and how do you derive it? A physical explanation would be appreciated too.
  48. neilparker62

    COVID Chances of False Positive on PCR test (Covid 19)

    I recently had an incident in which a person visited my office and a few days later informed me he had tested positive for Covid. He had been healthy but took the test as required for any passenger boarding an airline. He later went for another test (the next day in fact) and that was negative...
  49. M

    MHB F convex iff Hessian matrix positive semidefinite

    Hey! A function $f:\mathbb{R}^n\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is convex if for all $x,y\in \mathbb{R}^n$ the inequality $$f(tx+(1-t)y)\leq tf(x)+(1-t)f(y)$$ holds for all $t\in [0,1]$. Show that a twice continuously differentiable funtion $f:\mathbb{R}^n\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is convex iff the...
  50. anemone

    MHB Positive Integer Solutions of $(x^2+y^2)^n=(xy)^{2014}$

    Find all positive integers $n$ for which the equation $(x^2+y^2)^n=(xy)^{2014}$ has positive integer solutions.
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