The Rosetta mission, led by the European Space Agency, aims to study comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, featuring a lander named Philae that will descend to the comet's surface. The mission will last approximately 16 months, observing the comet as it approaches the sun and develops a tail. The chosen landing site, now called Agilkia, is on the comet's smaller lobe, and the landing is scheduled for November 12. Challenges include the weak gravity of the comet, requiring Philae to use harpoons and drills to secure itself upon landing. The mission represents a significant milestone in space exploration, being the first attempt to land on a comet.