I haven't gone through it in detail, but from a quick glance it looks ok - except for your charge density thing.
However a string has got nothing to do with Schroedinger's equation. Your equating to charge density is simply pulled out of nowhere with no physical basis whatsoever.
The most elegant derivation however is from the Lagrangian:
http://faculty.cua.edu/sober/612/Lagrangian_wave_eq.pdf
If you haven't encountered Lagrangian's yet it would really help your studies in QM. At the beginner level Susskind's book is good:
https://www.amazon.com/dp/046502811X/?tag=pfamazon01-20
The true basis of Schrödinger's equation is symmetry, and you will find its correct derivation in Chapter 3 of Ballentine:
https://www.amazon.com/dp/9810241054/?tag=pfamazon01-20
It is however advanced so will likely be a challenge to follow at the beginner level - but persevere - you will get the gist.
Also understanding that symmetry is the rock bottom essence of much of physics is one of the truly great insights and, once understood, is quite breathtaking in its beauty. Enough said - you must experience it for yourself. Just to set the stage:
http://www.pnas.org/content/93/25/14256.full
Thanks
Bill