Showing all solutions to a cubic equation

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around finding all real solutions to the cubic equation ##x^3 + 3x^2 + 3x = 1##. Participants explore methods for confirming the existence and nature of solutions, including real and complex roots, and the implications of the cubic's properties.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Mathematical reasoning
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant completes the cube to find a real solution, ##x = 2^{1/3} - 1##, and questions whether this is the only real solution.
  • Another participant suggests that factoring the cubic can reveal the nature of the roots, indicating that there may be two complex conjugate roots alongside the real root.
  • A participant asserts that the function ##(x+1)^3## is monotonous, implying that there is exactly one real solution to the equation.
  • Further discussion includes the use of the factorization of the difference of cubes to demonstrate the existence of only one real solution based on the negative discriminant of the resulting quadratic.
  • Another participant introduces synthetic division as a method to derive a quadratic equation for the remaining solutions after identifying one real root.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on how to confirm the uniqueness of the real solution and the nature of the other roots. While some agree on the existence of one real solution and two complex roots, the methods for demonstrating this remain contested.

Contextual Notes

Participants mention the need for more powerful tools if the formula becomes more complex, indicating potential limitations in their current approaches. The discussion also reflects on the dependence of conclusions on the properties of the cubic equation and the discriminant of the derived quadratic.

Who May Find This Useful

This discussion may be of interest to students and educators in mathematics, particularly those exploring cubic equations, root-finding methods, and the nature of polynomial solutions.

Mr Davis 97
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I am solving the following problem: Find all real x such that ##x^3 + 3x^2 + 3x = 1##

I complete the cube by adding 1 to both sides, and get that ##(x + 1)^3 = 2## then ##x = 2^{1/3} - 1##

What I'm asking is how can I be sure that I have found all real solutions? What if there are other solutions?
 
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Do you know a formula to find the factors of x^3 - a^3 ?
 
Ah, I see. If we factor it this way then we can find the other two complex conjugate roots, which means that with one real root and two complex roots, we have found all of the solutions since it is a cubic equation. However, finding the first root the way I did, how can I be sure that that is the only real solution, and that the other two are complex? Is the only way to show this through factoring the difference of the cubes like you said?
 
(x+1)3 in the real numbers is monotonous, the equation has to have exactly one real solution.

If the formula is more complex, you need more powerful tools to look for solutions.
 
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Mr Davis 97 said:
Ah, I see. If we factor it this way then we can find the other two complex conjugate roots, which means that with one real root and two complex roots, we have found all of the solutions since it is a cubic equation. However, finding the first root the way I did, how can I be sure that that is the only real solution, and that the other two are complex? Is the only way to show this through factoring the difference of the cubes like you said?

Here you can apply x^3 -a^3 = (x-a)(x^2 + ax + a^2). You immediately see that this only has one real solution because x^2 + ax + a^2 has a negative discriminant -3a^2, so there is only one real solution.
 
Let a be the known solution. You can use synthetic division (original cubic divided by x-a) to get a quadratic for the other 2 solutions.
 
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