Simple derivation: sphere contracting under gravity

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on deriving the rate of volume reduction of a sphere contracting under gravity, as presented in Roger Penrose's "The Road to Reality." The key equation discussed is that the rate of volume reduction is equal to 4πGM. Participants clarify that the volume of a sphere is given by 4/3πr³, and the derivative of volume with respect to radius (dV/dr) is 4πr². By applying Newton's law of gravity, the acceleration (d²r/dt²) can be expressed as GM/r², leading to the conclusion that multiplying these two derivatives yields the correct rate of volume reduction.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of basic calculus, specifically derivatives and the chain rule.
  • Familiarity with Newton's law of gravitation and its mathematical formulation.
  • Knowledge of the geometric properties of spheres, including volume calculations.
  • Basic concepts in physics related to motion and acceleration.
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the application of the chain rule in calculus, particularly in physics contexts.
  • Explore advanced topics in gravitational physics, focusing on the implications of mass contraction.
  • Learn about the mathematical derivation of gravitational effects on different geometrical shapes.
  • Investigate Roger Penrose's theories in "The Road to Reality" for deeper insights into cosmological concepts.
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Students of physics, mathematicians, and anyone interested in gravitational theories and their mathematical derivations will benefit from this discussion.

HowardTheDuck
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Hi Guys, I'm reading Roger Penrose's book "The Road to Reality" at the moment and I wonder if you could help me out with a pretty simple derivation which he doesn't describe in complete detail.
On page 399 he considers a sphere of mass contracting under gravity, and says "The rate of volume reduction is 4πGM". Can you help me derive this, please? It shouldn't be too difficult, it's just beyond me!

OK, what do we know. The volume of a sphere is 4/3πr3. So dV/dr is 4πr2.
And the acceleration (d2r/dt2) due to Newton's law of gravity would be GM/r2. Can we combine these via the chain rule or similar to get the rate (acceleration?) of volume reduction equal to 4πGM.

Thanks a lot.
 
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I can see that if you simply multiply the 4πr2 by the GM/r2 then you get the right answer. But I don't see how that's a valid thing to do.
I don't see how it's valid to multiply dV/dr by d2r/dt2 (by the chain rule?) to get the right answer.
Any help appreciated.
 

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