Square lemma for Paths, Homotopy

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on the "Square Lemma" from Lee's "Topological Manifolds," which asserts that for a continuous function F: I × I → X, paths f, g, h, and k defined on the unit interval I are homotopic if X is a topological space. A participant initially questioned the lemma's validity for non-simply connected spaces, specifically using I × I as an example. However, they later clarified their misunderstanding, realizing that I × I represents the entire square rather than just its boundary, confirming the lemma's applicability in this context.

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  • Understanding of topological spaces and their properties
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  • Knowledge of continuous functions in topology
  • Basic understanding of the unit interval I in real analysis
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Mathematicians, particularly those specializing in topology, students studying topological manifolds, and anyone interested in the concepts of homotopy and path concatenation.

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Homework Statement


In Lee's "Topological Manifolds", there is a result on page 193 called "The Square Lemma" which states that if I denotes the unit interval in \mathbb{R}, X is a topological space, F\colon I\times I\to X is continuous, and f,g,h,k are paths defined by
f(s)=F(s,0),\ g(s)=F(1,s),\ h(s)=F(0,s),\ k(s)=F(s,1),
then f\cdot g\sim h\cdot k where \cdot denotes path concatonation and \sim denotes homotopy rel \{0,1\}.

It seems to me that this is not guaranteed to be true if X is not simply connected. Indeed if we take X=I\times I and take F=\text{id}_{I\times I}, then I don't think that we have f\cdot g\sim h\cdot k.

Am I wrong about this?
 
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What's not simply connected about I x I? And why don't you think fg and hk are homotopic? You can deform them both to a path across the diagonal of the square.
 
Ah. Brain malfunction on my part. For some reason I was thinking of I\times I as the boundary of the square and not the whole square. That's sorted then. Thanks!
 

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