The Mysterious Connections Between Irrational Numbers - e, pi, and phi

  • Thread starter Thread starter Organic
  • Start date Start date
Click For Summary
The discussion centers on the relationships between the irrational numbers e, pi, and phi, exploring whether they share any deep connections or symmetries across different mathematical systems. Participants debate the nature of irrational numbers, questioning how they can be accurately represented without relying on natural number notations. The conversation also touches on the concept of convergence in sequences and the implications of infinite series for defining irrational numbers. Some argue that irrational numbers can occupy fixed positions on the real number line, while others challenge the notion of accuracy in representing these numbers. Ultimately, the dialogue emphasizes the complexity and philosophical implications of understanding irrational numbers and their interconnections.
  • #31
Last edited:
Physics news on Phys.org
  • #32
I think the best demonstration of this fact can be seen by all of your posts about your theory. While your theory may be many-valued, all statements made about it have been decreed either true or false by you, thus reducing it to binary logic.


In general, any multi-valued logic can be reduced to binary logic by considering statements of the form "P has truth value S" (where P is a multi-valued proposition and S is one of the possible logic values)


I will admit, however, that you've done a nice job of avoiding the "deducible / not deducible" game, upon which mathematics is based, by not presenting any axioms suitible for use in a deduction, and not writing anything that could even be interpreted as an attempt at deduction.
 
Last edited:
  • #33
Hurkyl said:
I think the best demonstration of this fact can be seen by all of your posts about your theory. While your theory may be many-valued, all statements made about it have been decreed either true or false by you, thus reducing it to binary logic.
Please look again at http://www.geocities.com/complementarytheory/BFC.pdf and see by your self that contradiction or excluded-middle reasoning are trivial private cases of Complementary Logic (which is a symmetrical logical system, unlike Boolean or Fuzzy Logics).

In general, any multi-valued logic can be reduced to binary logic by considering statements of the form "P has truth value S" (where P is a multi-valued proposition and S is one of the possible logic values)
And you lose through this generalization (it is trivialization through my point of view) very interesting included-middle ordered Logical states.
In general, any multi-valued logic can be reduced to binary logic ...
Complementary Logic is a symmetrical logical system, therefore it includes Boolean or Fuzzy Logics as proper sub-systems (some broken-symmetry states) of it.

For better understanding, please read http://www.geocities.com/complementarytheory/ConScript.pdf
 
Last edited:
  • #34
You've not proven that it contains, or can be specialized to, those cases. You've claimed it, but not shown it. And when I pointed out that the thing you were claiming was the specialization to boolean logic was ill stated, that it appeared to claim

(a xor b) and (a xor b) was the same as a and b, which it isn't, you said that the things there weren't boolean values anyway. so we're at a slight loss as to know how on Earth it can be boolean, and not be boolean. of course it wasn't clear that the two diagrams for two values were what you claimed was the specialization to boolean logic, because, despite being asked, you once more refused to say if it were or not.
so i f you've a few hours why not clearly explain how all those fuzzy and boolean systems are a subset of whatever this alleged system of yours is.
 
  • #35
Please first show us how you express redundancy_AND_uncertainty connective in multi-valued ordered logical states, by keeping the excluded-middle Boolean-Logic rule.

Please use only logical connectivies.
 
Last edited:
  • #36
(a xor b) and (a xor b) was the same as a and b, which it isn't,
I don't understand what do you want to say.

Please choose a xor b:

a) ((a xor b) and (a xor b)) = (a and b)

b) ((a xor b) and (a xor b)) not= (a and b)
 
  • #37
you're the one who needs to explain how to recover boolean logic from your system because you've not done so as yet. moreover as you've not defined what you mean by uncertainty_and_redeundancy we can't do as you ask.


the second part: you said that these diagrams are the whole collection of somethings between a and b and a xor b

then you drew the cases:

Code:
  b   b 
    #   #    
    a   a     
    .   .   
    |   |   
    |&__|_   
    | 
    
    [B]a   b     
    .   .   
    |   |  <--- (Standard Math logical system fundamental building-block) 
    |#__|   
    |[/B]

implying this is boolean logic, and one of these is xor the other and, i#m pointing out that neither of these is an any sense "and".

and everything in there must be boolean so you aren't allowed to cite any other kind of logic.

By the way, you always misuse connectives so why on Earth can you expect anyone to take your things seriously?
 
  • #38
My reasoning on this is this:

Let # be xor.

Let & be and.

f=false

t=true

u=uncertainty

r=redundancy

By (f # t) I mean that some single result can be found through a probability of 1:2 .


the complementary logical representation of this probability can be expressed in this way:
((f # t)&(f # t)) where all this expresion is under this "cloude of probebility"

Code:
<--r--> ^ 
 t   t  |
 #   #  u
 f   f  |
 |   |  v
 |&__|_
 |

So as we see, ((f # t)&(f # t)) is simultaneously (f & f)_(t & f)_(f & t)_(t & t), which is definitely not a Boolean Logic state.


Only (f # t) is an excluded-middle f/t locial state with no probebility, after we find our single result.
 
Last edited:
  • #39
but you said it was boolean, that it was a two valued logic of ordinary maths. so were you wrong or lying? seeing as it is supposed to be proper maths then probabilities cannot lies between 1 and 2, unless it's 1 obviously.
 
  • #41
so why did you say that both digrams were part of two valued logic? and then this contradicts you assertion that it runs from a and b to a xor b. where's "and" gone then?
 
  • #42
And you lose through this generalization (it is trivialization through my point of view) very interesting included-middle ordered Logical states.

No, you don't. Any statement is either in a given "included-middle ordered Logical state" or it is not; a binary fact.
 
  • #43
Really?
No, you don't. Any statement is either in a given "included-middle ordered Logical state" or it is not; a binary fact.
(excluded-middle --> a binary fact) XOR (included-middle --> not a binary fact)

An example of a non-binary system:

Let # be xor.

Let & be and.

f=false

t=true

u=uncertainty

r=redundancy

By (f # t) I mean that some single result can be found through a probability of 1:2 .

the complementary logical representation of this probability can be expressed in this way:
((f # t)&(f # t)) where all this expresion is under this "cloude of probebility"

Code:
<--r--> ^ 
 t   t  |
 #   #  u
 f   f  |
 |   |  v
 |&__|_
 |
So as we see, ((f # t)&(f # t)) is simultaneously (f & f)_(t & f)_(f & t)_(t & t), which is definitely not a Boolean Logic state.


Only (f # t) is an excluded-middle f/t locial state with no probebility, after we find our single result.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Now you can say that:

(excluded-middle --> a binary fact) XOR (included-middle --> not a binary fact) in general is a binary fact.

So what. it is a trivial and non-interesting information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

More than that, for example:

f=(excluded-middle --> a binary fact)

t=(included-middle --> not a binary fact)

Let # be xor.

Let & be and.

u=uncertainty

r=redundancy

By (f # t) I mean that some single result can be found through a probability of 1:2 .

the complementary logical representation of this probability can be expressed in this way:
((f # t)&(f # t)) where all this expresion is under this "cloude of probebility"

Code:
<--r--> ^ 
 t   t  |
 #   #  u
 f   f  |
 |   |  v
 |&__|_
 |
So as we see, ((f # t)&(f # t)) is simultaneously (f & f)_(t & f)_(f & t)_(t & t), which is definitely not a Boolean Logic state.
 
Last edited:
  • #44
So as we see, ((f # t)&(f # t)) is simultaneously (f & f)_(t & f)_(f & t)_(t & t), which is definitely not a Boolean Logic state.

This sounds like a statement using binary logic (about your multi-valued logic).
 
  • #46
I said:

"((f # t)&(f # t)) is simultaneously (f & f)_(t & f)_(f & t)_(t & t)" is a boolean statement.

Are you saying that

"((f # t)&(f # t)) is simultaneously (f & f)_(t & f)_(f & t)_(t & t)" is simultaneously "(f & f)_(t & f)_(f & t)_(t & t)"?

And even if you are, isn't this new statement of yours true? (according to you)
 
  • #47
WWW said:
Please Prove that Complementary Logic ( https://www.physicsforums.com/showpost.php?p=192318&postcount=25 ) can be reduced to a false/true logic.

Your complementary logic system is a proposition that can be proved, P , or not-proved, ~P .

Some excellent ideas regarding symmetry though.

A__~A___A_V_~A

T___F_______T

F___T_______T


A truth table tautology is very much like a symmetry, it is invariant.

If your complementary logic is context dependent, it still must have an invariant structure that gives a meaningful interpretation?
 
  • #48
Hurkyl said:
I said:

"((f # t)&(f # t)) is simultaneously (f & f)_(t & f)_(f & t)_(t & t)" is a boolean statement.

Are you saying that

"((f # t)&(f # t)) is simultaneously (f & f)_(t & f)_(f & t)_(t & t)" is simultaneously "(f & f)_(t & f)_(f & t)_(t & t)"?

And even if you are, isn't this new statement of yours true? (according to you)

You are mixing between the existence of some system and it’s logical reasoning.

Any consistent system is limited (incomplete) by definition, otherwise it is inconsistent.

Because my system is consistent by it’s internal structure it is also limited by these structures.

The new thing here, if we compare it to the standard excluded-middle system, is that it is naturally using probability right from it’s first-order level.

For example:

Let us examine Schrodinger's Cat experiment.

f=dead cat

t=live cat

Let # be xor.

Let & be and.

u=uncertainty

r=redundancy

By (f # t) I mean that some single result can be found through a probability of 1:2 .

the complementary logical representation of this probability can be expressed in this way:
((f # t)&(f # t)) where all this expression is under this "cloud of probability"

Code:
<--r--> ^ 
 t   t  |
 #   #  u
 f   f  |
 |   |  v
 |&__|_
 |
So as we see, ((f # t)&(f # t)) is simultaneously (f & f)_(t & f)_(f & t)_(t & t), which is definitely not a Boolean Logic state.

Please show us (t & f) as a valid(=1=existing) state in an excluded-middle system.

Also through my system the meaning of probability is not some accurate value between 0 and 1 (as we can find in Fuzzy Logic, for example) but an ordered simultaneous associations between redundancy_AND_uncertainty ,which creates “clouds of vagueness” from the most vagueness to the least vagueness, when n > 1 is given.

Shortly speaking, Complementary Logic is based on ordered levels of symmetry breaking, right from its first-order level.
Russell E. Rierson said:
If your complementary logic is context dependent, it still must have an invariant structure that gives a meaningful interpretation?
Yes, because it is consistent it is also incomplete and context depended, but unlike an excluded-middle logical system, it is not looking at vagueness as an enemy that we have to distinct by more and more accurate definitions.

Complementary Logic reasoning is to save and explore the associations between information forms at any given degree of vagueness, where the dynamic process of any research and the explored/explorer interactions are naturally included.
 
Last edited:
  • #49
But that makes no sense, doron, unless you tell us what f xor t means. what's xor, your # above? and &? we can only interpret in boolean terms because that's all they are.

what is u, what is r, and for that matter what is v?

and you can't have probabilties between 1 and 2 (unless it is 1).
 
  • #50
You are mixing between the existence of some system and it?s logical reasoning.

What does that even mean?

I'll take my best guess, and respond that you're the one unable to accept that one can use ordinary "excluded-middle binary logic" to reason about multi-valued logical systems, or those without the excluded middle.


IIRC, synthetic differential geometry is developed by presenting a system where the law of excluded middle is not a tautology, and then using ordinary logic (including the law of the excluded middle) to reason about it "externally".


Please show us (t & f) as a valid(=1=existing) state in an excluded-middle system.

Interpreting your symbols according to their ordinary meaning, t & f = f. Simple as that.
 
  • #51
d = dead cat

l = live cat

In Complementary Logic (d & l) is a true statement of dead/live probability (like the wave/particle existence).

Please show what is (d & l) by an excluded-middle logical system.
what is u, what is r, and for that matter what is v?

and you can't have probabilties between 1 and 2 (unless it is 1).
I used 'v' letter as an arrowhead in my diagram.

I mean that we have a probability of 1:2 and not some accurate value between 1 and 2.

By (f # t) I mean that some single result can be found through a probability of 1:2 .
 
Last edited:
  • #52
so the and and xor symbols you are using aren't the usual and and xor symbols. so you need to define them. (ie what they do)

note it is not correct to say that the cat in shroedinger's experiment is alive and dead but the the state will take some value in some hilbert space with certain probabilities. and we've done that using boolean logic.. Anyway, your and is some other binary connective.

to some extent the answer is dependent on which school of QM thought you adopt. and you don't know the probability that the cat is alive is 1/2. it depends on how the experiment is set up.

i don't understand how you can say that you can't describe QM with boolean logic seeing as without it you would never have learned about it in the first place. all the experiments you know of and theory is done in boolean logic.
 
  • #53
Let us say that you explore, for example, Mandelbrot farctal only by R members, without using Complex numbers.

In both cases you will be able to research the results, but by using C and R numbers, we can get much more interesting information.

Because Complementary Logic is based on included-middle results of interactions between opposite elements (where Boolean or Fuzzy Logics are proper sub-systems of it) we get a much more powerful tool to explore and understand the QM phenomenon.
Matt said:
so the and and xor symbols you are using aren't the usual and and xor symbols. so you need to define them. (ie what they do)
AND and XOR connectives are independed and can be changed according to the "logical environment" that using them.

In Complementary Logic, probability is a first-order property that changing the results of AND and XOR connectives.
 
Last edited:
  • #54
what on Earth does 'explore the mandelbrot fractal only by R' mean? It doesn't even sound plausible.

you've still not shown that boolean logic is a subsystem of your alleged logic. nor how you would use it in any situation.

for instance what is the truth value, for want of a better phrase, of the proposition: If x, an integer, is divisible by 4, then x is even. I reckon it's true. what does your system say?
 
  • #55
Please refresh screen and read again my previous post.
 
  • #56
The real numbers can model the complex numbers; thus, anything you can do with complex numbers, you can do (in some fashion) with real numbers.

For example, I might consider a pair of real numbers, (c, d), and study the pairs of numbers (a_0, b_0) such that the following iteration

\begin{equation*}\begin{split}<br /> a_{n+1} &amp;= a_n^2 - b_n^2 + c \\<br /> b_{n+1} &amp;= 2 a_n b_n + d<br /> \end{split}\end{equation*}

does not diverge to infinity.

And, in this way, one can study Julia sets (and thus the Mandelbrot set) without ever mentioning a complex number.
 
  • #57
somehow i doubt that was what he had in mind (the unnecessary ontological commitment of the complex numbers...?) , but then i often have no idea what he means.
 
  • #58
Hurkyl,

Some times simple thinking can help us to understand simple examples.

Matt Grime wrote:
Matt Grime said:
don't understand how you can say that you can't describe QM with boolean logic seeing as without it you would never have learned about it in the first place. all the experiments you know of and theory is done in boolean logic.
My example of Mandelbrot set is this:

If we explore its structures in 1-dim we get 1-dim results.

If we explore its structures in 2-dim we get a 2-dim results and 1-dim results.

Shortly speaking, more dim we have less we are limited in our abilities to explore something.

Because Complementary Logic is naturally included-middle logical system (where Boolean and Fuzzy Logics are proper sub-systems of it) we have the freedom to use its extra logical forms, or not.
Matt said:
so the and and xor symbols you are using aren't the usual and and xor symbols. so you need to define them. (ie what they do)
AND and XOR connectives are independed and can be changed according to the "logical environment" that using them.

In Complementary Logic, probability is a first-order property that changing the results of AND and XOR connectives.


For example:

f=dead cat
t=alive cat
r=redundancy
u=uncertainty

When probability is a first-order property then AND connective is used whenever a no-unique result can be found:
Code:
<--[B]r[/B]--> ^ 
 t   t  |
 #   #  [B]u[/B]
 f   f  |
 |   |  v
 |&__|_
 |
When probability is a first-order property then XOR connective is used whenever a unique result can be found:
Code:
 f   t   
 |   |   
 |#__| 
 |

Simple as that.

For example:

Let XOR be #

Let AND be &

Let a,b,c,d stands for uniqueness, therefore logical forms of 4-valued logic is:

Code:
              Uncertainty
  <-Redundancy->^
    d  d  d  d  |
    #  #  #  #  |
    c  c  c  c  |
    #  #  #  #  |
    b  b  b  b  |
    #  #  #  #  |
   {a, a, a, a} V
    .  .  .  .
    |  |  |  |
    |  |  |  |
    |  |  |  | <--(First 4-valued logical form)
    |  |  |  |
    |  |  |  |
    |&_|&_|&_|_
    |
    ={x,x,x,x}


   {a, b, c, d}
    .  .  .  .
    |  |  |  |
    |#_|  |  |
    |     |  | <--(Last 4-valued logical form)
    |#____|  |      
    |        |
    |#_______|
    |
    ={{{{x},x},x},x}

[b]
============>>>

                Uncertainty
  <-Redundancy->^
    d  d  d  d  |          d  d             d  d
    #  #  #  #  |          #  #             #  #        
    c  c  c  c  |          c  c             c  c
    #  #  #  #  |          #  #             #  #   
    b  b  b  b  |    b  b  b  b             b  b       b  b  b  b
    #  #  #  #  |    #  #  #  #             #  #       #  #  #  #   
   {a, a, a, a} V   {a, a, a, a}     {a, b, a, a}     {a, a, a, a}
    .  .  .  .       .  .  .  .       .  .  .  .       .  .  .  .
    |  |  |  |       |  |  |  |       |  |  |  |       |  |  |  |
    |  |  |  |       |&_|_ |  |       |#_|  |  |       |&_|_ |&_|_
    |  |  |  |       |     |  |       |     |  |       |     |
    |  |  |  |       |     |  |       |     |  |       |     |
    |  |  |  |       |     |  |       |     |  |       |     |
    |&_|&_|&_|_      |&____|&_|_      |&____|&_|_      |&____|____
    |                |                |                |
    {x,x,x,x}        {x,x},x,x}       {{{x},x},x,x}    {{x,x},{x,x}}     
 
                                      c  c  c
                                      #  #  #      
          b  b                        b  b  b          b  b
          #  #                        #  #  #          #  #         
   {a, b, a, a}     {a, b, a, b}     {a, a, a, d}     {a, a, c, d}
    .  .  .  .       .  .  .  .       .  .  .  .       .  .  .  .
    |  |  |  |       |  |  |  |       |  |  |  |       |  |  |  |
    |#_|  |&_|_      |#_|  |#_|       |  |  |  |       |&_|_ |  |
    |     |          |     |          |  |  |  |       |     |  |
    |     |          |     |          |&_|&_|_ |       |#____|  |
    |     |          |     |          |        |       |        |
    |&____|____      |&____|____      |#_______|       |#_______|
    |                |                |                |
    {{{x},x},{x,x}} {{{x},x},{{x},x}} {{x,x,x},x}      {{{x,x},x},x} 

   {a, b, c, d}
    .  .  .  .
    |  |  |  |
    |#_|  |  |
    |     |  |  
    |#____|  |      
    |        |
    |#_______|
    |    
    {{{{x},x},x},x}
[/b]

A 2-valued logic is:

Code:
    b   b 
    #   #    
    a   a     
    .   .   
    |   |   
    |&__|_   
    | 
 [b]   
    a   b     
    .   .   
    |   |  <--- (Standard Math logical system fundamental building-block) 
    |#__|   
    |
[/b]
 
Last edited:
  • #59
still not defined uncertainty and redundancy, non-standard terms.

mandelbrot's set doesn't have integer dimension...

so your logical theory trivially encompasses all others, yet you've not shown it has any other non-extant models.
 
  • #60
mandelbrot's set doesn't have integer dimension...
I know it, but in 1-dim all you can get is the shadow of what you can find between 1-dim and 2-dim, isn't it?
still not defined uncertainty and redundancy, non-standard terms.
Please explain Why do you think they are not defined?
 

Similar threads

  • · Replies 28 ·
Replies
28
Views
2K
  • · Replies 26 ·
Replies
26
Views
621
  • · Replies 6 ·
Replies
6
Views
2K
  • · Replies 1 ·
Replies
1
Views
2K
  • · Replies 3 ·
Replies
3
Views
3K
Replies
15
Views
9K
  • · Replies 8 ·
Replies
8
Views
2K
  • · Replies 3 ·
Replies
3
Views
2K
  • · Replies 3 ·
Replies
3
Views
2K
  • · Replies 4 ·
Replies
4
Views
3K