There's Gold in Them Neutron Stars - or - Maybe Not

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SUMMARY

The discussion centers on the production of heavy elements, specifically challenging the notion that neutron star mergers (NSM) are the primary source. Participants argue that supernova explosions have historically been viewed as the main contributors, but recent findings suggest that NSM may not produce sufficient r-process elements due to timing and ejection mechanism issues. Additionally, the simplistic treatment of neutrinos in simulations raises doubts about the ability of core-collapse supernovae to form heavy nuclei. Overall, the conversation highlights significant uncertainties in Galactic Chemical Evolution (GCE) models and the need for further investigation.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of r-process and its role in nucleosynthesis
  • Familiarity with neutron star mergers and supernova mechanisms
  • Knowledge of Galactic Chemical Evolution (GCE) models
  • Basic principles of astrophysical simulations and neutrino interactions
NEXT STEPS
  • Research the latest findings on r-process nucleosynthesis in neutron star mergers
  • Explore the role of supernovae in heavy element production
  • Investigate the implications of neutrino physics on nucleosynthesis in massive stars
  • Examine current models of Galactic Chemical Evolution and their assumptions
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Astronomers, astrophysicists, and researchers interested in nucleosynthesis, heavy element formation, and the dynamics of neutron stars and supernovae.

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TL;DR
When humanity finally detected the collision between two neutron stars in 2017, we confirmed a long-held theory - in the energetic fires of these incredible explosions, elements heavier than iron are forged.

But a new analysis has revealed a problem. According to new galactic chemical evolution models, neutron star collisions don't even come close to producing the abundances of heavy elements found in the Milky Way galaxy today.
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I am under the impression that the heavy elements are produced in supernova explosions.
 
mathman said:
I am under the impression that the heavy elements are produced in supernova explosions.
My understanding is that that was the conventional wisdom for a long time but that recently the view has shifted to their being created mostly by neutron star collision explosions and by supernovae but to a lesser degree (lesser amount of the overall mass produced for each element)
 
Hi,

there are issues difficult to understand and explain in both sources.

It is claimed that Neutron Star Mergers (NSM) are not the main source of r-process elements because of timing: there are r-process abundance pattern in metal-poor stars in the galactic halo, which are up to 12Gyears old. That means that there was a heavy element source already working between the Big Bang and the moment of formation of those stars. In principle, stars would need more than that to evolve to a neutron star and then collide. The other problem with NSM is the ejection mechanisms: it is not clear that the amount of ejected material is enough to explain everything.

On the other hand, supernova and core-collapse supernova may not reach the conditions to form heavy nuclei by neutron capture (ie, there are not enough neutrons). The current treatment of neutrino in simulations is very simplistic. These neutrinos decrease the neutron density (which is much lower than in NSM) and prevents the formation of the heaviest elements. Only under extreme conditions of high rotation speed and very intense magnetic fields (up to 1e10 - 1e12 T) in very massive stars it is possible to achieve a full r-process in a simulation. The problem here is the number of observations which support the existence of such massive stars...

As far as I know, all of these just rely on simulations.

These are astrophysical sites where r-process may take place. But there are other processes which can synthesize heavy elements, like p-process or s-process. The problem with s-process is that we can not measure at laboratory the reaction rates (the probability of capturing a neutron) for energies which are found in stars. So, one has to invent a model and extrapolate... so, this may be another uncertainty source, which is usually disregarded.

In addition, Galactic Chemical Evolution (GCE) models rely on theoretical/simulated yields which introduce a huge uncertainty, and GCE conclusions may be misleading.

Sorry this post increase the uncertainty instead of answering the OP

Regards,
ORF
PS: this meme summarizes this post
https://media.makeameme.org/created/uncertainty-uncertainty-everywhere.jpg
 
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It's okay, you have a point.
 

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