In the two-body Kepler problem with the Sun at rest, the coordinate system is not inertial due to the gravitational interaction between the Sun and the orbiting body. The Sun experiences an equal and opposite force from the orbiting mass, indicating that the system is accelerated. The barycentric frame, which considers the center of mass, is inertial and serves as a more accurate reference for analyzing the orbits of both bodies. The discussion emphasizes the importance of using reduced mass and relative coordinates for precise solutions in such problems. Overall, the reasoning presented highlights the complexities of defining inertial frames in gravitational systems.