Two Coaxial Linear Magnetic Materials

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SUMMARY

The discussion focuses on calculating bound currents and magnetic fields in a two-layered cylindrical wire with inner-layer permeability μ1 and outer-layer permeability μ2, carrying a line current I. The calculations utilize key equations, including B = μ0(H + M) and Jb = ∇ x M, leading to the conclusion that Jb = 0 in both materials. However, the discrepancy between calculated B fields and the expectation of bound volume currents raises questions about the magnetic surface currents at the boundary of the materials, necessitating a deeper understanding of the relationship between free and bound currents.

PREREQUISITES
  • Understanding of electromagnetic theory, specifically Ampère's law and magnetic fields.
  • Familiarity with the concepts of permeability (μ) and magnetization (M).
  • Knowledge of vector calculus, particularly curl and line integrals.
  • Experience with cylindrical coordinate systems in physics.
NEXT STEPS
  • Study the implications of magnetic surface currents in layered materials.
  • Learn about the relationship between free currents and bound currents in electromagnetic theory.
  • Explore the derivation and application of the equations B = μH and Jb = ∇ x M in different geometries.
  • Investigate the behavior of magnetic fields in cylindrical coordinates, focusing on boundary conditions.
USEFUL FOR

Students and professionals in physics and electrical engineering, particularly those specializing in electromagnetism and material science, will benefit from this discussion.

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Homework Statement


Consider a two-layered cylindrical wire with inner-layer permeability μ1 and outer-layer permeability μ2. A line current I runs through the center in the z direction. Calculate the bound currents and the magnetic field produced by the bound currents.

Homework Equations



[1] ∫ B⋅dl = Iμ0
[2] ∫ H⋅dl = Ifree
[3] B = μ0 (H+M)
[4] B = μH
[5] Jb = ∇x M
[6] Kb = M x n

The Attempt at a Solution


[/B]
Using equation 2 and symmetry, I come up with
H = I/(2πs)

Using equation 4, I found the inner and outer material B fields. These point in the φ direction.
B=Iμ1/(2πs) in the inner material
B=Iμ2/(2πs) in the outer material.

Plugging B and H into equation 3, I found the inner and outer material M fields. These point in the φ direction.
M= I(μ10 - 1) / (2πs) in the inner material
M= I(μ20 - 1) / (2πs) in the outer material

Plugging M into equation 5, I calculate that Jb = 0 in both the inner and outer material.

I expected some bound volume current, so this result is strange to me. If there is no bound volume current and I draw an amperian loop within the inner material, the enclosed total current must be equal to I. If that's the case, I should be able to use equation 1 to find that
B = Iμ0/(2πs)
but I already calculated a different inner B field above.

How can I reconcile the different B values in this inner material?
 
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For a little bit, it seemed you had found a case where ## \oint M \cdot dl ## is non-zero and where ## \nabla \times M=0 ##. The ## I_{free} ## is uniformly distributed through the ## \mu_1 ## material. Thereby, the current enclosed in your ## B \cdot dl ## loop and ## H \cdot dl ## loop is proportional to ## r^2 ## and thereby you will not have a vanishing curl and you will get a finite ## J_b ##. ## \\ ## If you did work the problem as the case where you have a very thin inner inner conductor (of radius "a" )down the center carrying the entire current, I think you would find there is a magnetic current at the boundary where the ## \mu_1 ## material begins that supplies the necessary difference between ## \mu_o \oint H \cdot dl ## and ## \oint B \cdot dl ##.
 
Last edited:
Charles Link said:
For a little bit, it seemed you had found a case where ## \oint M \cdot dl ## is non-zero and where ## \nabla \times M=0 ##. The ## I_{free} ## is uniformly distributed through the ## \mu_1 ## material. Thereby, the current enclosed in your ## B \cdot dl ## loop and ## H \cdot dl ## loop is proportional to ## r^2 ## and thereby you will not have a vanishing curl and you will get a finite ## J_b ##. ## \\ ## If you did work the problem as the case where you have a very thin inner inner conductor (of radius "a" )down the center carrying the entire current, I think you would find there is a magnetic current at the boundary where the ## \mu_1 ## material begins that supplies the necessary difference between ## \mu_o \oint H \cdot dl ## and ## \oint B \cdot dl ##.
By magnetic current, I mean "magnetic surface current". In general it is magnetic surface currents (and magnetic currents ## J_b ## ) that cause the magnetic field ## B ## in materials, along with the ## H ## from free currents.
 

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