Unique to within a constant factor?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion revolves around the concept of eigenvectors in quantum mechanics, specifically addressing the phrase "unique to within a constant factor." Participants explore the implications of this phrase, seeking clarification on its meaning and relevance in quantum mechanics.

Discussion Character

  • Conceptual clarification
  • Technical explanation
  • Debate/contested

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions the meaning of "unique" in the context of eigenvectors, suggesting it implies a singular entity, while also inquiring about the nature of the "constant factor."
  • Another participant explains that if |a⟩ is an eigenvector of an operator  with eigenvalue a, then any scalar multiple λ|a⟩ is also an eigenvector corresponding to the same eigenvalue, indicating that eigenvectors are unique up to a constant factor.
  • A further contribution mentions the significance of a complex phase factor, exp(iφ), in the context of eigenvectors, noting that it is often set to zero for simplicity.
  • One participant expresses appreciation for the clarification provided, indicating a better understanding of the concept.
  • Another participant challenges the notion that the pre-factor lacks physical meaning, asserting that the phase freedom of vectors is crucial for describing symmetries in quantum mechanics.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express differing views on the physical significance of the pre-factor in eigenvectors, with some asserting it carries no physical meaning while others argue it is important for understanding symmetries in quantum mechanics. The discussion remains unresolved regarding the extent of the pre-factor's significance.

Contextual Notes

Participants reference specific quantum mechanics texts, such as Sakurai's "Modern QM," to illustrate their points, indicating that the discussion may depend on interpretations of these sources.

cks
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unique to within a constant factor?

we always listen to the phrase in quantum mechanics textbook that says this eigenvector is unique to within a constant factor.

What does it actually mean?

unique means there is one and only one??
constant factor: a constant 2 or 3 or... maybe??

I don't really catch the physical picture of it, I just hope for some mathematical examples that can illustrate this. Thank you
 
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Well, suppose that [tex]\left| a \rangle[/tex] is an eigenvector to an operator  with eigenvalue [itex]a[/itex], that is:
[tex]\hat A \left| a \rangle = a \left| a \rangle[/tex].
Then of course, since scalars commute with any operator,
[tex]\hat A \left( \lambda \left| a \rangle \right) =<br /> \lambda \left( \hat A \left| a \rangle \right) = \lambda \left( a \left| a \rangle \right) =<br /> a \left( \lambda \left| a \rangle \right)[/tex].
So as you see, [tex]\lambda \left| a \rangle[/tex] is also an eigenvector for the same eigenvalue, for any (complex) number lambda. But other than that, the eigenvector is really unique, that is, if
[tex]\hat A \left| a' \rangle = a \left| a' \rangle[/tex]
then |a'> cannot be anything different than a multiple of |a>.

This is what is meant by "unique up to a constant factor", which is enough since in QM, the pre-factor doesn't carry any physical meaning anyway (we normally just use it for convenience, e.g. to normalize eigenkets).
 
Last edited:
There is a complex (global-)phase: exp(i*phi), cos' we deal with complex numbers. And as convention we often we often taken phi = 0, so exp(i phi) = 1.

Is that what you looked for? You can see an example of this in Sakurai "modern QM" chapter 1 in discussion of Sx and Sy and their eigen-vectors.
 
Thank you CompuChip,

I understand now. Really appreciate that.
 
quote: >>the pre-factor doesn't carry any physical meaning anyway (we normally just use it for convenience, e.g. to normalize eigenkets).<<

Actually this phase freedom of vectors is of crucial importance when it comes to describing symmetries in QM.
 

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